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Homework #4 is due 12/4/07 (only if needed) Bonus #2 posted Year End Topics: •mtDNA •Mapping •Probability •Evolution and the Origin of Humans Grades: A = 88.5+ B = 77.5 C = 65.5 Exam avg x 0.88 + homework + bonus = grade Final time? Genotype Phenotype Dominant Recessive Genotype Phenotype Genes code for proteins (or RNA). These gene products give rise to traits… It is rarely this simple. Figs 1.15-17 The relationship between genes and traits is often complex Complexities include: • Complex relationships between alleles • Multiple genes controlling one trait • One gene controlling multiple traits • Environmental effects Only the egg provides mitochondria to the offspring. mitochondria Pg 112 Human Life Cycle In females Mom provides 50.000275% and Dad provides 49.999825% of DNA to offspring. … because Mom provides 100% of mitochondrial DNA A few diseases are caused by mutations in mtDNA Fig 3.24 Pedigree of a mitochondrial disease: Which shape represents females? Fig 3.25 Pedigree of a mitochondrial disease: Males and females may be affected by a disease coded on mtDNA, but only females pass it on. Fig 3.25 For our final lecture of the semester, we will look at what DNA can tell us about the origins of Homo sapiens. Variation in Peas Fig 3.2 Phenotype Genotype Fig 3.3 Tracking two separate genes, for two separate traits, each with two alleles. Ratio of 9:3:3:1 Fig 3.4 Approximate position of seed color and shape genes in peas Y y Gene for seed color r Chrom. 1/7 R Chrom. 7/7 Gene for seed shape Recombinants are meiotic output different from meiotic input Fig 3.11 Box 2.2 Crossingover Meiosis: In humans, crossing-over and (Ind. Assort.) independent assortment lead to over 1 trillion possible unique gametes. (1,000,000,000,000) Meiosis I Meiosis II 4 Haploid cells, each unique Linked alleles tend to be inherited together Fig 4.2 Crossing over produces new allelic combinations Fig 4.3 Recombinants are produced by crossing over Fig 4.7 For linked genes, recombinant frequencies are less than 50 percent Fig 4.8 Homologous pair of chromosomes Does this pedigree show recombination or linkage? Fig 4.23 Does this pedigree show recombination or linkage? Fig 4.23 Longer regions have more crossovers and thus higher recombinant frequencies Fig 4.10 Some crosses do not give the expected results =25% 42% 41% 9% 8% These two genes are on the same chromosome By comparing recombination frequencies, a linkage map can be constructed = 17 m.u. Another test 42 recombinants out of 381 offspring = 42/381 11% recombination The probability of crossing over can be used to determine the spatial relationship of different genes Fig 4.9 Double recombinants arise from two crossovers Fig 4.11 Recombinant Double recombinants can show gene order Fig 4.12 What is the relationship between these 3 genes? What order and how far apart? similar to pg 141 What is the relationship between these 3 genes? What order and how far apart? similar to pg 141 Double crossover similar to pg 141 Which order produces the double crossover? Which order produces the double crossover? We have the order. What is the distance? similar to pg 141 Recombinants between st and ss: (50+52+5+3)/755 =14.6% similar to pg 141 Recombinants between ss and e: (43+41+5+3)/755 =12.2% similar to pg 141 Put it all together… 26.8 m.u. st ss 14.6 m.u. e 12.2 m.u. Linkage map of Drosophila chromosome 2 Recombination is not completely random. physical distance Yeast chromosome 3 Fig 4.13 and 20 linkage map Alignment of physical and recombination maps Fig 4.25 Genotype Phenotype Genes code for proteins (or RNA). These gene products give rise to traits… It is rarely this simple. Figs 1.15-17 The relationship between genes and traits is often complex Complexities include: • Complex relationships between alleles • Multiple genes controlling one trait • One gene controlling multiple traits • Environmental effects Homework #4 is due 12/4/07 (only if needed) Bonus #2 posted Year End Topics: •mtDNA •Mapping •Probability •Evolution and the Origin of Humans