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Download 11-1 The Work of Mendel
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11-1 The Work of Mendel • What does every living thing inherit from their parents? • Genetics – the study of heredity Look around at your classmates and make a list of some of the traits that are inherited. What did Mendel already know… • Each flower produces pollen (sperm) and egg cells • Cross fertilization (sexual) – male and female cells join • Self-pollination (asexual) – pollen fertilizes eggs from same plant • Mendel’s pea plants were true-breeding – A tall plant with green seeds would produce a tall plant with green seeds Genes, Alleles and Dominance • Trait – specific characteristic – Mendel studied 7 different pea plant traits • What are some examples? Plant Height, Seed Shape, Pod Color Genes, Alleles and Dominance • Genes – the chemical factors that determine traits (the segment of DNA) ex. pea plant: height • Alleles – different forms of a gene from each parent ex. pea plants: tall and short (T or t) Principle of Dominance • Principle of dominance: some alleles are dominant and others are recessive • Dominant allele – the trait is always shown – Capital letter (T = tall) • Recessive allele – the trait that will only show if there is no dominant allele – Lower case letter (t = short) • Heterozygous – organisms that have 2 different alleles for the same trait – Hybrid for that trait – Ex: Tt • Homozygous – organisms that have 2 identical alleles for a particular trait • True-breeding for a particular trait – Ex: TT or tt Genes, Alleles and Dominance • Phenotype – physical characteristics – Ex: tall, short, yellow, green • Genotype – genetic make-up – Ex: TT, Tt, tt • Tall plants have the same phenotype (tall), but not the same genotype (TT or Tt) • Why are TT and Tt genotypes for tallness, but tt is not??? Mendel crossed plants to study offspring • P generation – (parents, originals) – Tall x short • F1 generation – (offspring of P) tall x tall • F2 generation – (offspring of F1) 3 tall, 1 short 11-2 Probability and Punnett Squares •Mendel realized…the principles of probability could be used to explain the results of genetic crosses. Genetics and Probability • Probability – the likelihood a particular event will occur. – Ex: probability of flipping a coin to heads = ½ or 50% – Probability of head 3 times in a row = ½ x ½ x ½ = 1/8 – The greater the number or trials, the closer to the expected ratio – Past outcomes do not affect future outcomes • Alleles segregate randomly (like a coin) Probabilities Predict Averages • To get an accurate prediction of flipping a coin – the coin should be flipped many times and an average taken. • In genetics …the more offspring you get, the closer to the predicted ratio. Principle of Segregation • Segregation = separation • The alleles for tall vs. short separate during the formation of gametes – sex cells • Each gamete carries one allele for each gene Principle of Independent Assortment • Mendel questioned how alleles segregate • Does it happen independently? Ex: Does the seed shape gene influence the seed color gene???? INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT • Need to follow 2 diff. alleles from one generation to the next. The Two-factor Cross: F1 • 4 alleles (2 genes) at the same time • Provides the hybrid plants (F2 generation) • Crossed a homozygous RRYY (round yellow peas) with a homozygous rryy (wrinkled, green peas) The two factor cross: F2 • F1 – yields all offspring heterozygous for both traits • F2 – heterozygous parents crossed • F2 – yields 9:3:3:1 ratio Mendel discovered the principle of • Independent assortment – genes segregate independently during the formation of the gametes – Helps account for many genetic variations in organisms – Seed shape & color gene do not influence each other Meiosis Ttrr x ttRr ttRr x TtRr