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Mendel’s Investigations Mendelian Genetics Gregor Mendel • Lived in a monastery in Vienna during the 1800’s (monk) • Worked primarily with pea plants • His work changed biology forever with respect to Genetics • “Father of Genetics” Mendel’s Experiment A. Used pure bred pea plants (same alleles from each parent) B. Most noted for his use of math to make conclusions Experiment and Observations P1 Pure Tall x Pure Short ↓ F1 Hybrid Tall ↓ Hybrid Tall x Hybrid Tall ↓ F2 ¾ Tall: ¼ Short Mendel controlled the fertilization of his pea plants by removing the male parts, or stamens. He then fertilized the female part, or pistil, with pollen from a different pea plant. Mendel drew three important conclusions. – Traits are inherited as discrete units. DO NOT BLEND – Organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent. – The two copies segregate during gamete formation. Alleles • Alleles are passed from parent to offspring • One from “mom” and one from “dad”. • Dominant alleles are the expressed or observed traits ( brown eyes ) • Recessive alleles are the disappearing or non-expressed traits (blue eyes) – Each parent donates one allele for every gene. – Homozygous describes two alleles that are the same at a specific location. – Heterozygous describes two alleles that are different at a specific location. Phenotype vs Genotype • Phenotype is the way an organism appears – Brown hair with blue eyes, tall, thin, etc. • Genotype is the genetic combination for the organism. (BB, Bb, bb) – Heterozygous – Example: allele from mom codes for blue eyes and the allele from dad codes for brown eyes. – Homozygous –Example: both alleles code for blue eyes So, the genotype for a heterozygous brown eyed offspring would be Bb for example. Let’s Practice Tell whether the following are heterozygous or homozygous: Tt TT Hh Bb bb Gg gg GG ff Mendel’s Laws 1. Law of Segregation Genes separate when gametes form- sex cells get one complete set of chromosomes 2.Law of Dominance When two alleles in a gene pair are different, one allele can control the trait while the other can be hidden 3.Law of Independent Assortment Gene pairs separate randomly and independent of each other during meiosis *Important when dealing with the inheritance of more than one trait.* Punnett Square Used to help solve genetics problems