Download Heredity

Heredity
State Objective: 3d
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
• Chemical inside cell that contains
hereditary information
• Controls how an organism will look &
behave
• Shaped like a twisted ladder
• Rungs hold genetic information that is
a pair of bases
Reproduction
• Reproduction is the process of
producing a new organisms
• The purpose is to transfer DNA
Sexual Reproduction
• New organisms is produced from the combined
DNA of TWO different cells called sex cells.
– Male is called sperm & Female is called egg
• Fertilization occurs when an egg and sperm
unite to form a new organism with half of each
parent’s DNA
• Plants sexually reproduce from male and
female parts of a flower
• Sex cells are formed by the process of Meiosis
Meiosis
• During meiosis, the chromosome pairs separate and
are distributed to 4 different cells. The resulting sex
cells have only half as many chromosomes as the
other cells in the organism.
Heredity
• The passing of traits from
parent to offspring
• Traits: physical characteristics
of an organism
–Example: eye color, hair
color, & height
Passing Traits to Offspring
• Sex cells have 23 chromosomes and the two
sex cells combine to form a zygote with 46
chromosomes
• During fertilization the offspring receives half
of its genetic information from its mother and
the other half from its father.
Genetics
• The study of how traits are passed from parent
to offspring by looking at genes
– Genes are small sections of DNA on a
chromosomes that has information about a trait
• Each chromosome has a gene for the same
trait (eye color from mom & eye color from dad)
– Traits are determined by alleles on the
chromosomes
• Each gene of a gene pair is called an allele
– Inherited traits are determined by the alleles on
the chromosome
The DNA Code
• Chromosomes are made of DNA.
• Each chromosome contains thousands of genes.
• The sequence of bases in a gene forms a code
that tells the cell what protein to produce.
Genes on a Chromosome
• Chromosomes are made up of
many genes joined together like
beads on a string.
• The chromosomes in a pair may
have different alleles for some
genes and the same allele for
others.
Genome
• Scientist map a genome to identify all the
organisms genes & figure out where they
are located
– A Genome is the complete sequence of
an organisms DNA
The Sex Chromosomes
• The sex chromosomes carry genes that
determine whether a person is male or female.
– also carry genes that determine other traits.
– XX = female
– XY = male
Inheritance of Blood Type
• Blood type is determined by a single gene
with three alleles.
Group Time
Put the following terms in the correct circle to show
the hierarchical structures of DNA
DNA
•
•
•
•
Gene
1 Allele from each parent
46 Chromosomes
Nucleus
Types of Alleles
• Dominant Alleles describe a genetic factor
that is always expressed.
– It prevents a recessive trait from showing
up in offspring.
– Represented by capital letters (B)
• Recessive Alleles describe a genetic factor
that is not always expressed.
– It only expresses itself when both of the
recessive traits are inherited
– Represented by lowercase letters (b)
Group Time
Use a double-bubble map to compare
and contrast Dominant & Recessive
Alleles
Examining & Studying Traits
• Two ways scientist study traits
– Phenotype: outside expression of a gene
• Blue Eyes
– Genotype: the two alleles a person has
inherited that can only be seen on the DNA
• BB, Bb, or bb
• Two categories of genotypes
– Homozygous: inherited two identical alleles
• BB (pure dominant) or bb (pure recessive)
– Heterozygous: inherited two different alleles
• Bb (hybrid)
EXTRA CREDIT
• Bring separate pictures of you and
parents or some other relative to
whom you look similar.
• These will be on a bulletin board
in the hall.
• You will receive 5 extra points on
your test.
Group Time
• Use a double-bubble map to compare
and contrast genotype & phenotype
• Use a tree map to classify the
following genotypes:
DD,Dd,dd,ee,LL,Ll,Hh,HH,Ss,tt,
Punnett Squares
Mom
• Shows all possible
combinations of alleles that
children can inherit from
parents
• Mom’s genotype for brown
eyes (Bb)
• Dad’s genotype for brown
eyes (Bb)
• Offspring’s Phenotype
– 75% brown, 25% blue
• Offspring’s Genotype
– 25% BB, 50% Bb, 25% bb
B
D
a
d
b
B BB Bb
b
brown
brown
Bb
bb
brown
blue
Punnett Square Practice
• What is the
genotype and
the phenotype
for each parent?
• What are the
possible
genotypes and
the phenotypes
for the offspring?
Codominance
• In codominance, the alleles are neither dominant
nor recessive. As a result, both alleles are
expressed in the offspring.
• FW FB = black & white
• FB FB = black
• FW FW = white
Incomplete Dominance
• In incomplete dominance, one allele is not
completely dominant over the other allele . As a
result, both alleles have a blended expression.
• RR = red
• WW = white
• RW = pink
Pedigree
• Geneticist use pedigrees to follow a human trait to
learn how the trait was inherited
• A pedigree is a chart or “family tree” that tracks the
members of a family that have a certain trait.
• Circles stand for female
• Squares stand for males
• A line connecting a square & circle shows they are
married
• Shaded = person has the trait
• Half-shaded = carries one allele for the trait but does
not have the trait
• No shading = person does not have or carry the trait
Pedigree Practice
• What does this symbol stand for? Male or female
• What does the shading of this symbol represent?
A Hemophilia Pedigree
• The chart below follows hemophilia in a family.
Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that does not
allow the blood to clot normally. How many
males have hemophilia?
Biotechnology
• Biotechnology is the manipulation of living things
to make useful products
– Causes changes in an organism
• Examples of genetic biotechnology
– Selective Breading
– Genetic Engineering
• Gene Therapy
Selective Breeding
• Selective Breeding is an intentional mating of organisms to
produce offspring with specific traits
– Two types:
• Pure bred
• Hybrid
Selective Breeding: pure bred
• Pure breeding
– Crossing two individuals that have identical
or similar sets of alleles.
• Example: breeding only fast horses,
breeding only labs
– Con – decreases genetic variety therefore
makes it harder to adapt, resist diseases,
and higher chance of genetic disorders
Selective Breeding: hybrid
• Hybridization
– Crossing two genetically different individuals. The
Hybrid organism is bred to have the best traits
from both parents.
• Example: Labradoodles, corn produces lots of
kernels with one resistant to disease
– Con – doesn’t always turn out the planned way &
is time consuming
• Can not easily predict weather the dominant or
recessive trait will appear
Thad Cochran National Warm-water
Aquaculture Center
• Diseases in catfish farming are prevalent and
costly, particularly the bacterial disease Enteric
Septicemia of Catfish.
• The Aquatic Center uses selective breeding in a
multi-trait process to increase the natural disease
resistance of the fish through selective breeding.
Genetic Engineering
• Genetic engineering changes the genetic material of
a living organism by removing genes from one
organism then transferring them into the DNA of
another organism. (gene splicing)
• Uses:
– Make medication and treat diseases
– cure human genetic disorders
– Improve crops
• Bacteria were the first success with genetic
engineering because they are one celled and not as
complex.
• Ex. Insert bacteria DNA into rice, wheat, and
tomatoes to enable plants to survive in colder temps,
poor soil conditions, and resist insect pests.
Genetic Engineering
• Scientists use genetic engineering to
create bacterial cells that produce
important human proteins such as
insulin.
Gene Therapy
• Gene therapy is an experimental technique that
uses genes to treat or prevent disease by
inserting working copies of a gene directly into the
cells of a person with a genetic disorder
• Researchers are testing several approaches to
gene therapy, including:
– Replacing a mutated gene that causes disease with a
healthy copy of the gene.
– Inactivating, or “knocking out,” a mutated gene that is
functioning improperly.
– Introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a
disease.
• Several studies have already shown that this
approach can have very serious health risks, such
as toxicity, inflammation, and cancer.
Gene Therapy Examples
• People with CF don’t produce the protein to control
mucus production. Both genes are defected
(recessive). Scientist insert working copies of gene
into harmless viruses. The engineered viruses can
be sprayed into the lungs of the patients.
• Gene therapy works in hemophilia by using DNA as
the drug and viruses as the deliverer. A virus
containing the gene that produces Factor VIII or
Factor IV is injected into a large group of cells in the
patient. The hope of the gene therapy is to have the
cell produce more of the cured cells and spread
throughout the rest of the body..
Animal Functional Genomics Lab
• Located at Mississippi State University
• Deals with Bovine (Cow)
• Animal Biotechnology - Our laboratory’s
research interests include efficient production of
genetically enhanced livestock and animals for
biomedical studies.
• They selectively breed bovine that exhibit good
traits such as higher milk production, resistance to
diseases, better tasting milk, etc.
– Example: Cattle type 1 doesn’t get sick from a certain
infection. Cattle type 2 does. They will no longer breed
Cattle type 2. They will select to only breed cattle type
1 to produce offspring.
Animal Functional Genomics Lab
• They also explore the secrets of animal genomes
to determine genes involved in important
phenotypes in reproduction and growth.
– map the genome of bovine to located certain genes
that control desirable traits.
– hopes to genetically engineer, better offspring by
changing the DNA not just selecting better parents.
Stoneville Pedigreed Seed Co.
• Located in Stoneville, MS
• Deals with plants
• Soybeans, corn and cotton have been genetically
engineered to provide herbicide tolerance, insect
resistance or both are widely grown in the United
States and several other countries
– That technique does not involve altering crops by putting in
foreign genes. Rather it uses genetic tests to help choose
which plants to use in conventional cross-breeding, vastly
speeding up the process.
Comparing and Contrasting
Disorder
Cystic fibrosis
Sickle-cell disease
Description
Body produces abnormally
thick mucus.
Red blood cells are sickleshaped and have reduced
ability to hold oxygen.
Cause
Recessive allele due to
removal of three DNA
bases
Codominant allele
Hemophilia
Blood clots slowly or not at
all.
Recessive allele on X
chromosome
Down Syndrome
Mental retardation and heart
defects
An extra copy of
chromosome 21