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BIO 10 Lecture 10 REPRODUCTION: CHROMOSOMES AND HEREDITY An Introduction to Mendel and His Peas: 1856-1863 • Research in Brno, Czech Republic – Observed the inheritance patterns of seven inherited physical characteristics in several generations of pea plants and applied mathematics to discover the two basic laws that govern their behavior – Did his work before chromosomes (1880's) or DNA (1950's) had been discovered – Was a monk who grew his pea plants in the monastery garden Mendel's First Law: Law of Segregation -Genetic information is carried by discrete entities (genes) – Complex organisms carry two copies of each gene but pass only one copy to each gamete – Each gene controls a single trait (e.g. seed color) but different forms of the same gene (alleles) can confer different expressions of that trait (e.g. yellow vs. green seeds) Law of Segregation continued... – An individual that carries two of the same allele for a gene is homozygous. An individual that carries two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous. – In a heteroygote, only one allele is physically expressed; this allele is dominant (A) over the unexpressed, recessive (a) allele. Genotype vs. Phenotype • The phenotype of an organism is its physical appearance or behavior – This is all Mendel could actually study – "The mature seed is yellow" = phenotype • The genotype of an organism is its genetic make-up – Mendel inferred how genes behaved based on his observations of the patterns in which phenotypes were inherited – Yy = genotype Mendel's First Law and Meiosis YY = yellow Yy = yellow yy = green Punnett Square predicts 3:1 phenotypic ratio Mendel's Second Law: Law of Independent Assortment - When two genes and their alleles are followed through a genetic cross, the alleles of the two different genes are randomly shed into the gametes without regard to one another - i.e. independently – Therefore, a dihybrid will create 4 different types of gametes in equal proportions: AB, ab, Ab, and aB Meiosis and the Law of Independent Assortment Short Review of Lecture 10 • How many gametes, and what types, can be produced by a pea plant with the genotype PP? How about Pp? pp? • How many gametes, and what types, can be produced by a pea plant with the genotype PpTt? How about PPTt? • How many gametes, and what types, can be produced by a pea plant with the genotype PpTtYy? How about PPTtYy?