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Genetics is the study of how traits are inherited in offspring. Gene: Segment of chromosome (DNA) that codes for a trait Allele: Different form of the same gene. Example: Skin Color (Color, Albino) Humans normally have two alleles for each gene. Dominant: Trait that gets expressed from dominant allele. Phenotype: Observable physical or behavioral trait Genotype: Genes (Alleles) that code for a trait Homozygous: having the same forms (alleles) for a gene on both chromosomes. Also said to be purebred. Homozygous Dominant = AA Homozygous Recessive = aa Heterozygous: having different forms (alleles) for a gene on both chromosomes. Also said to be hybrid. Heterozygous = Aa, or aA Monohybrid Crosses Gene: Albinism Dominant Allele: A = normal skin color Recessive Allele: a = albino Heterozygous = Aa, or aA Cross a heterozygous individual with a heterozygous individual: Aa X Aa A a A AA Aa a Aa aa Heterozygous = Aa, or aA Cross a homozygous dominant individual with a homozygous recessive individual: AA X aa a a A Aa Aa A Aa Aa Heterozygous = Aa, or aA Test Cross: Cross a homozygous recessive individual with an unknown (homozygous dominant or heterozygous): aa X A? a a A Aa Aa ? A? A? Heterozygous = Aa, or aA The outcome determines the offspring. If half of the offspring are albino, then the unknown is heterozygous (Aa). a a A Aa Aa a aa aa Heterozygous = Aa, or aA If all of the offspring have normal skin color, then the unknown is homozygous dominant. a a A Aa Aa A Aa Aa