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Download C-13 Part II Non-Mendelian inheritance
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C-13 Part II Non-Mendelian inheritance Most phenotypes reflect the influences of several to many genes and by the environment Continuous variation • When multiple genes act together to produce a physical (phenotypic) character, a gradation or range of differences occur. • Examples: height, weight in humans • Referred to as polygenic traits Pleiotropic effects • Occurs when an allele has >1 effect on phenotype • Examples are: – Sickle cell anemia – Cystic fibrosis Incomplete dominance • Situation where 2 alleles “blend” to form hybridized phenotype • Examples: – Flower color in 4 o’clocks and snapdragons Environmental effects • Allele expression may be affected by environmental conditions • Examples: – Coat color in arctic foxes – Coat color in Himalayan rabbits and Siamese cats • ch allele affected by temp >33 C tyrosinase enzyme inactivates + reduces melanin pigment production Epistasis – genes acting “in concert” • Situation whereby 1 gene pair affects the expression of a 2nd gene pair • Examples: – Anthocyanin (purple) pigment in corn – Animal coat colors Epistasis (cont’d) • Horse coloration involves 2 or more gene pairings.. • EE or Ee is for black • ee is for red (sorrel) • PLUS other genes can add to base colors • (Bay is AA, EE – black with agouti gene; Buckskin is AA, EE, CcrC – bay with cremello gene, Dun is AA, EE, Dd – bay with dun gene; Palomino is ee, CcrC – sorrel with cremello gene) Mutation of genes causes genetic disorders • Most gene disorders are RARE – nonadaptive • Most are recessively inherited: – Tay Sachs disease Sickle cell anemia • Some disorders are inherited in a dominant fashion: – Huntington’s disease Multiple alleles and Blood Groups • ABO Blood groups – – – – IAIA and Iai = type A IBIB and IBi = Type B IAIB and IBIA = Type AB ii = Type O • Rh blood factor • Rh + • Rh-