Download EOC Review Packet #2

EOC Review Packet #2
NITROGEN BASES
NUCLEOTIDE
SUGARPHOSPHATE
BACKBONE
1. Label the 3 boxes to the left
2. What are the 3 structures
that make up a nucleotide?
DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR,
PHOSPHATE, NITROGEN
BASE.
3. What are the 4 bases that
can be found in DNA?
A, T, C, G
Which ones pair together?
A-T, C-G
NITROGEN BASES
NUCLEOTIDE
SUGARPHOSPHATE
BACKBONE
5. What is the process that
allows DNA to make copies
of itself before cell division?
REPLICATION
6. Where in the cell does this
take place?
THE NUCLEUS
7. Write the Complement of
this sequence :
ATTCGTTCAG
TAAGCAAGTC
PRIMASE
LIGASE
POLYMERASE
LAGGINS
STRAND
LEADING
STRAND
POLYMERASE
HELICASE
SSBP’S
• Label the boxes above from the clues given below.
– IS responsible for synthesizing the new strands of DNA.
– POLYMERASE
– Joins the fragments together on the lagging strand of DNA.
– LIGASE
– Lays down the RNA primers before DNA ployermerase can do
its job.
– PRIMASE
– It has to be synthesized in fragments because DNA is
synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
– LAGGING STRAND
– It is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction in one continuous
strand.
– LEADING STRAND
– What the fragments of DNA are called on the lagging
strand.
– OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS
– Is responsible for adding new nucleotides onto the new
strands.
– POLYMERASE
– This is responsible for unwinding the existing DNA strand
to be replicated.
– HELICASE
– These help hold the separated strands of DNA apart.
– SINGLE STRANDED BINDING PROTEINS (SSBP’S)
• Explain semi-conservative replication of DNA.
Semiconservative Model of DNA replication states that
each new DNA molecule has one original strand and one
new strand.
Protein Synthesis
NUCLEUS
TRANSCRIPTION
DNA
CODON
MRNA
TRANSLATION
MRNA
NUCLEOTIDE
AMINO ACID
TRNA
PROTEIN
CYTOPLASM
PROTEIN
RIBOSOME
CODON
A. The process of using DNA to make mRNA.
A. TRANSCRIPTION
B. A group of 3 nucleotides, code for amino acids.
A. CODON
C. This is where Transcription takes place.
A. NUCLEUS
D. Monomers of nucleic acids.
A. NUCLEOTIDES
E. This is what is used to make mRNA.
A. DNA
F. This process makes proteins.
A. TRANSLATION
A. This is the product of Transcription.
A. MRNA
B. Place were mRNA travels to.
A. CYTOPLASM to a ribosome
C. Monomers of proteins.
A. AMINO ACIDS
D. Transports amino acids to the ribosome.
A. TRNA
E. Place where amino acids are assembled.
A. RIBOSOME
F. Product of Transcription is mRNA; product of translation
is a polymer of amino acids.
A. PROTEIN
2. What are the three components of a RNA nucleotide?
2. RIBOSE SUGAR, NITROGEN BASE, PHOSPHATE
3. What are the 3 different types of RNA and their main
function?
mRNA: transcribes a gene in order to translate it into a
protein.
tRNA: Brings Amino Acids to the ribosome
rRNA: makes up ribosomes
4. What enzyme is responsible for transcribing DNA into mRNA?
4. transcriptase
5. What are the 4 bases of RNA? Which ones pair together?
5. A-U, C-G
6. What would be the mRNA sequence of the following DNA
sequence?
ATTCGCTTAAT
UAAGCGAAUUA
Genetics
• Simple Inheritance :
1.) A heterozygous round seeded plant is
crossed with a homozygous round seeded
plant (RR). What percentage of the offspring
will be homozygous?
50%
R
R
R
RR
RR
r
Rr
Rr
• Dihybrid Cross:
• In humans there is a disease called Phenylketonuria
(PKU)which is caused by a recessive allele. People with
this allele have a defective enzyme and cannot break
down the amino acid phenylalanine. This disease can
result in mental retardation or death. Let “E” represent
the normal enzyme. Also in humans in a condition called
galactose intolerance or galactosemia, which is also
caused by a recessive allele. Let “G” represent the normal
allele for galactose digestion. In both diseases, normal
dominates over recessive.
• If two adults were heterozygous for both traits, what are
the chances of having a child that is completely normal?
56%
EeGg X EeGg
• Has just PKU? 19%
• Has just galactosemia? 19%
• Has both diseases? 6%
• Non-Mendelian Inheritance:
• 1.) The color of fruit for plant "R" is determined
by two alleles. When two plants with orange
fruits are crossed the following phenotypic ratios
are present in the offspring: 25% red fruit, 50%
orange fruit, 25% yellow fruit.
• What are the genotypes of the parent orangefruited plants?
• Rr X Rr
• This is an Example of what type of inheritance?
• Incomplete Dominance
• 2.) A cross between a black cat & a tan cat
produces a tabby pattern (black & tan fur
together).
• What pattern of inheritance does this
illustrate?
• Codominance
• What percent of kittens would have tan fur if a
tabby cat is crossed with a black cat?
• 0%
• 3.) Hairy ears is a x-linked recessive trait in humans. If you
mate a homozygous hairy ear female with a normal male:
• What are the expected offspring genotypes and
phenotypes and their ratios?
• 100% BOYS WITH XhY; 100% girls with XHXh
• What does a female’s genotype have to be in order to
express the disease?
• XhXh
• What does a female’s genotype have to be in order to be a
carrier of the disease?
• XHXh
• What does a males’ genotype have to be in order to
express the disease?
• XhY
• Can a male be a carrier of an X-linked recessive trait?
• No.
• 1.) What type of mutation is Figure A?
• substitution
• 2.) What type of mutation is Figure B?
• deletion
• 3.) What type of mutation is in Figure C.?
• nondisjunction
• 4.) Which mutation could have the greatest affect on the
phenotypes of an organism and why?
• Deletion or insertion – would cause a frameshift.
• 5.) In what process do mutations in Figure C. occur?
• meiosis
• 6.) What process do mutation in figure A & B occur?
• Either mitosis or protein synthesis
• 1.) The pedigree to the right shows the passing on of
Hitchhiker’s Thumb in a family. Is this trait dominant or
recessive?
– recessive
2.) How do you know?
few people have it
• 3.) Write the genotype
of the individuals that
have hitchhiker’s thumb
underneath the individual. hh
4.) Write the geontypes of the individulas that are carriers of
hitchhiker’s thumb underneath each individual. Hh
• 5.) Is it possible to know any other family members genotype
for Hitchhiker’s thumb? Why? Because they are expressing the
dominant phenotype.
MITOSIS
2
MEIOSIS
IDENTICAL
4 UNIQUE
•Look at the figures above, use the clues to fill in the boxes:
A. What process is the first picture representing?
B. How many cells are produced? Are they identical or unique?
C. What process is the second picture representing?
D. How many cells are produced? Are they identical or unique?
Cell Reproduction
1.) What types of cells does mitosis take place in?
BODY/SOMATIC CELLS
2.) Are these cells haploid or diploid?
DIPLOID
3.) What types of cells does meiosis take place in?
SEX CELLS/GAMETES
4.) Are these cells haploid or diploid?
HAPLOID
5. If the organism has 38 chromosomes in its body cells,
how many chromosomes would a sperm cell have?
19
Evolution
1.) Explain the situation that is
occurring in the picture to the
left.
THE ENVIRONMENT ON THE
LEFT IS FAVORING LIGHT
COLORED MOTHS, THE ONE
TO THE RIGHT IS FAVORING
DARK COLORED MOTHS
2.) What determines what acts
on an organisms phenotypes?
THE ENVIRONMENT
1.) Looking at the 3 types of natural selection graphs, fill in the
blanks, there are clues below to help you.
DISRUPTIVE
• A. There is no shift in the average STABILIZING
DIRECTIONAL
phenotype within a population.
• B. There is a shift to both extremes
of a phenotype with in a
population.
• C. There is a shift to one extreme
of a phenotype within a population.
2.) In humans babies average birth weight is around 7lbs, babies
who are either extremely light or extremely heavy have lower
survival rates, what type of selection is this an example of?
STABILIZING
• There are two types of rabbits: those that strictly eat grass and
those that strictly eat berries and flowers. A drought occurs one
year, and the plants have difficulty producing any extras (flowers,
berries, etc.).They can only try and keep themselves green. The
rabbits have had babies all year long but many are eaten by foxes
or hawks. Due to the drought, many have starved to death.
• 1.) Which rabbit has natural selection selected AGAINST?
• Flower eating bunnies
• 2.) Darwin's 5 points: Identify the 5 points in the scenario above.
– Population has variations, what is it for the rabbits? What they eat
– Some variations are favorable which one was it?
– More offspring are produced than survive, what happened to the
rabbits? They were eaten or starved to death
– Those that survive have favorable traits, what are they?
– A population will change over time, how is the rabbit population
changing?
Explain each type of speciation below:
HOMOLOGOUS
VESTIGIAL
ANALOGOUS
• Define the following Terms and then label the
examples above with the correct term.
• Homologous Structure–
– SAME STRUCTURE/DIFFERENT FUNCTION
• Analogous Structure–
– DIFFERENT SRUCTURE/SAME FUNCITON
• Vestigial Structure –
– REMAINS OF A STRUCTURE THAT NO LONGER
SERVES A PURPOSE
• Which are more closely
related: Clubmosses
and quillworths, or
Ferns and quillworhts?
Why?
• Which are least related,
Ferns and flowering
plants or Ferns and
spikemosses?
Why?
• Identify what is in the picture to the
left.
• VIRUS
• What are the structures that make up
this?
• GENETIC MATERIAL AND PROTEIN
• What are two ways that this can cause
a disease in an organism? (Hint: there
are 2 cycles)
• LYITC AND LYSOGENIC
• What is the best way to treat or
prevent being infected by this?
• VACCINE
• Is this living or nonliving? Give two
reasons why.
• NOT ALIVE
• DOESN’T RESPOND OR
REPRODUCE
• What organisms is this in the picture
to the left?
• BACTERIUM
• Explain the two ways that this
organism can cause disease.
• INFECTION OR TRANSMISISON
• How can you treat or prevent getting a
disease from this organism?
• ANTIBIOTIC
• This organism can belong to 2
kingdoms; List all the characteristics of
each of the kingdoms that this
organism can belong to.
• ARCHAEA OR PROKARYA
• Besides cause disease, what are two
other roles this organism can play in
the environment?
• MAKE FOOD, DECOMPOSERS
• 1.) What is this organism
in the picture?
• MUSHROOM
• 2.) What kingdom does it
belong to? List all the
characteristics of this
organism.
• FUNGI
• MULTICELLULAR/CHITIN
• 3.) What are some roles it
has in the environment?
• DECOMPOSER
4.) What is it lacking that
does not allow it to be in
the plant kingdom?
CHLOROPLASTS
PLANT
PLANTAE: MULTICELLULAR,
PHOTOSYNTHETIC
anchor the plant,
absorb water and
mineral salts
from the soil.
provides structural
support, transportation
between the root and
leaves, and a location
of food storage.
physical "platform"
for Photosynthesis.
Contain most of the
chloroplasts.
PHOTOTROPISM
GRAVITROPISM
PLANTS RESPONSE TO GRAVITY
PLANTS RESPONSE TO TOUCH
PLANTS RESPONSE TO LIGHT
REPRODUCTION/TRANSPORT/RESPONSE
THIGMOTROPISM
• What type of organism
does this cell belong to
• An animal
• What kingdom does
this organism belong
to? What are the
characteristics of this
Kingdom?
• Animalia –
multicellular,
heterotrophic
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
List one food chain in this food web.
Tree  squirrel  fox
List two produces in this food web.
Grass and trees
List 2 secondary consumers
Birds and mice
List 2 top consumers.
Fox and owl
Which would contain more of the
sun’s energy, the Fox or the squirrel?
Explain your answer.
The squirrel, because he is a primary
consumer.
What do the arrows show us?
Flow of energy
If we had to include a decomposer in
our food web what are 2 things we
could draw?
Bacteria or fungi
Trophic Levels
0.01
OWL
0.1
BIRD
1
GRASSHOPPER
10
GRASS
Relationships
A
B
C
A
• What are three ways in which
carbon dioxide enters the
atmosphere?
• Combustion, microbes,
cell respiration
• How is carbon dioxide removed
from the atmosphere?
• Plants, algae or
cyanobacteria
• In what process do plants
use carbon dioxide to
make carbohydrates?
• photosynthesis
• What would happen to
the level of CO2 if trees were
removed from the
environment?
• It would increase
• How is nitrogen used in plants and
animals?
• To make proteins
• What are four forms of nitrogen found in
the biosphere and where are they found
• Atmospheric, in soil, as ammonium, and
by decomposers
• What kinds of bacteria live in the soil?
• denitrifying, nitrifying and nitrogen
fixing.
• What is nitrogen fixation?
• The ability of bacteria to assist plants I
the uptake of nitrogen.
• What is denitrification?
• the conversion of nitrates in soil to free
atmospheric nitrogen.
• T or F Phosphate is
released as rocks and
sediments wear down.
• T or F Plants absorb
phosphate from the soil or
from water.
• T or F Phospherous is
abundant in the
atmosphere.
• T or F Organic phosphate
cannot move through food
webs.
Write the name of the body system
on the left and an example of
another body system that interacts
with the system and how on the
right.
REPRODUCTIVE
SKELETAL
MUSCULAR
URETOGENITAL
MUSCULAR
NERVOUS
IMMUNE
CIRCULATORY
RESPIRATORY
CIRCULATORY
EXCRETORY
INTEGUMENTARY
ENDOCRINE
NERVOUS
ENDOCRINE
REPRODUCTIVE
DIGESTION
CIRCULATORY
CIRCULATORY
RESPRIATORY
NERVOUS
MUSCULAR
For each set of picture identify the body system being
represented and explain how each would interact
with each other
IMMUNE
CIRCULATORY
ANTIBODIES ARE TRANSPORTED THROUGHTOUT THE BODY VIA
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
For each set of picture identify the body system
being represented and explain how each would
interact with each other
RESPIRATORY
MUSCULAR
THE OXYGEN WHICH IS TAKEN IN BY THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
PROVIDES THE NECESSARY NERGY FOR MOVEMENT OF MUSCLES
For each set of picture identify the body system
being represented and explain how each would
interact with each other
ENDOCRINE
CIRCULATORY
THE HORMONES PRODUCED BY THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
TRAVEL TO THEIR TARGETS VIA THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
For each set of picture identify the body system
being represented and explain how each would
interact with each other
NERVOUS
RESPIRATORY
A SIGNAL FROM THE NERVOUS SYSTEM COULD CAUSE AN
INCREASE IN THE RATE OF RESPIRATION
For each set of picture identify the body system
being represented and explain how each would
interact with each other
SKELETAL
MUSCULAR
WITH DIRECTION FROM THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, THE MUSCLES
WILL MOVE THE VARIOUS BONES OF THE BODY.
For each set of picture identify the body system
being represented and explain how each would
interact with each other
INTEGUMENTARY
NERVOUS
THERE ARE MANY SENSORY RECEPTORS LOCATED IN THE
SKIN. THE SKIN TRANSMITS SIGNALS TO THE BRAIN ABOUT
THE OUTSIDE ENVIRONMENT.
For each set of picture identify the body system
being represented and explain how each would
interact with each other
RESPIRATORY
CIRCULATORY
THE OXYGEN TAKEN IN BY THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS IS
TRANSPORTED THROUGHOUT THE BODY VIA THE
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.