Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Endomembrane system wikipedia , lookup
Cell-penetrating peptide wikipedia , lookup
Biology EOC One Page Quick Review Prokaryote – a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus Eukaryote – any organism with a nucleus in its cells Mitosis – the process of cell division of body cells Meiosis – the process of cell division that results in gametes Gametes –reproductive cells Cell differentiation - a process that occurs in which cells and tissues become specialized Nucleotide – phosphate , sugar, base subunit of DNA, RNA Nitrogen bases – A, T, C, G, sequence of these determine amino acids that make proteins that give organisms traits Transcription – process of making mRNA from DNA strand, occurs in the nucleus Translation – process of turning mRNA code into a specific protein, happens at ribosome Codon – three letter code for amino acid Genome – full sequence of an individual’s DNA Genetic drift – changes in the DNA makeup of a population due to random chance Endosymbiotic theory – states that eukaryotes orginated from prokaryotes living inside other prokaryotic cells, forming mitochondria and chloroplasts Archae – microorganisms that live in extreme environments Biomolecules – a molecule that is important for life, contain C, H, O made of subunits Carbohydrates – provide energy made of monosaccharides Proteins – often an enzyme that speeds up a reaction made of amino acids Lipids – stored energy and insulation made of fatty acids Nucleic acids – carries genetic information made of nucleotides ATP – compound used for energy in living things Enzyme – protein that speeds up a reaction “ase” Miller-Urey experiment – experiment showing that simple organic molecules could form in the early conditions on earth. Xylem – transports water in plants phloem – transports food in plants Tropism – growth of plants in a particular direction due to environmental factors Carbon cycle – a cycle that shows how carbon moves through the biosphere – includes food chains, photosynthesis, fossil fuels, etc. Nitrogen cycle – a cycle that shows how nitrogen moves through the biosphere – includes nitrogen fixation and various reactions in the soil Mitochondria – organelle found in plant and animal and other eukaryotic cells responsible for energy conversions Chloroplasts – organelle found in plant cells that does photosynthesis Cell membrane – semipermeable membrane that only allows certain substances to pass in and out of a cell Ribosome – organelle that does protein synthesis – translation of mRNA to make proteins All cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material and ribosomes. They do not all have a nucleus with a nuclear membrane! Levels of organization include: atoms-molecules-compounds-cells-tissues-organs-systems-organism-populationscommunities-ecosystems-biomes-biosphere Viruses – particles that affect living by reproducing in a host cell, destroying the cell T-4 Helper white blood cells – destroyed by the HIV human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS Roots, Stems, leaves – tissues in a plant Blood, muscle, bone – tissue in animals Phenotype – the physical trait of an organism genotype – the alleles of an organism (letters) Homologous structures – similar structures in organisms evidence for evolution Cellular respiration – process that breaks down glucose to make ATP Polymer – long chain composed of repeating chemical subunits, proteins, DNA, starch