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Genes and Heredity Outline • • • • • • • • • • What are genes? Gregor Mendel Where can we find our genes? What do our genes do? Our Genes Genetic Trait Tree Where do we get our genes from? Inheritance Predicting Inheritance Modern uses of DNA technology What are genes? • Heredity: the passing of genes from parents to offspring • Gene: a specific part of DNA that controls a hereditary trait • What are hereditary traits? – characteristics that can be passed from parents to their offspring (children) – Examples: • hair color • eye color • height Gregor Mendel • Austrian monk • Considered to be the father of modern Genetics • Used pea plants to demonstrate how certain characteristics were passed through generations – Seed shape, seed color, flower color, pod shape, pod color, and stem height Mendel’s Work Where can we find our genes? • Each chromosome in a cell contains 100’s and 1000’s of genes • Each gene is found at a specific place on a specific chromosome – What does that mean? • They all have a certain part of a chromosome where they are found • So we know where to find them all at • Everyone has different combinations of traits, but… – The genes for those traits are on the same parts of chromosomes in everyone What do our genes do? • Genes determine the traits that we have – We are most familiar with physical traits – So basically… • Our genes determine what we look like • Physical traits are observable characteristics – Things that we can see – examples: hair color, eye color, tongue rolling, ear lobes, hairline Our Genes • We have 2 copies of each gene in our chromosomes – Every cell in our body has the same 2 copies in it • How many genes do humans have? – www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/b ooks/bv.fcgi?rid=gnd.c hapter.272 Our Genes • We have 2 copies of each gene. • Each gene has 2 or more variations for what we see – We can inherit the same or different variations – examples: • Hair color – brown, black, red, blonde • Tongue rolling – can do it, can’t do it Genetic Trait Tree • We are going to be creating a Genetic Trait Tree to examine certain characteristics (traits) within our class • For this activity we will be examining 3 traits – Free or attached ear lobes – Widow’s peak – Tongue rolling Where do we get our genes from? • ½ comes from mother – 23 single chromosomes in the egg cell • ½ comes from father – 23 single chromosomes in sperm cell • When the sperm and egg cell combine they form 1 cell with 46 single chromosomes (23 pairs). – All humans have started as 1 cell just like that Inheritance • The characteristics seen in us depend on 2 things. 1. the combination of gene variations we get from our parents 2. how those gene variations interact with each other • 2 basic gene variations – Dominant: the trait/characteristic that is always seen or observed – Recessive: the trait/characteristic that is only seen or observed when the dominant variation is not present Inheritance • Example of dominant and recessive variations – A person can have a widow’s peak (dominant) or a straight hairline (recessive) – 2 dominant variations = a person with a widow’s peak – 1 dominant and 1 recessive variation = a person with a widow’s peak – 2 recessive variations = a person with a straight hairline Predicting Inheritance • Punnett Square: a tool to predict the characteristics a child can inherit from its parents W = dominant w = recessive – Use the gene variations each parent has to determine the possible combinations that can be passed to offspring – Capital letters represent dominant variation – Lower case letters represent recessive variation Punnett Square Example • Example using hairline – Mother has the following combination – Ww – Father has the following combination – ww – They each pass 1 variation (letter) on to their offspring • • • • Draw a Punnett Square Label sides Add parent variations Fill in the square MOTHER W F A T H E R w w Ww Ww w ww ww Punnett Square Example • What does this show us? – Ww would have a widow’s peak – ww would have straight hairline – 2 of 4 children have Ww and 2 have ww – 50% chance of having a child with a widow’s peak – 50% chance of having a child with straight hairline MOTHER W F A T H E R w w Ww Ww w ww ww Modern uses of DNA Technology • Forensic Science – What shows on TV have you seen that use this? – DNA Fingerprinting • Identifying people based on their DNA • Create cures for diseases • Genetic Engineering – Has been used to create better plants and vegetables • Grow faster, bigger, in tougher conditions, and resistant to insects – Could we genetically engineer people? Forensic Science Pictures Forensic Science Pictures Modern uses of DNA Technology • Stem Cell Research – Newest of the items on the list – Take an undifferentiated cell (one that hasn’t changed into a specific type of cell) and then turn it into a specific type of cell – What can it be used for? • Create new organs to replace damaged ones • Replace damaged nerve cells in a spinal cord • Replace damaged brain cells – There are problems with it though Stem Cells Modern Uses of DNA Technology • Cloning – Creating an exact copy of an existing organism – Dolly (a sheep) was the first cloned animal to survive the process • Happened in 1997 – How is it done? – There are problems with it though Cloning Cloning