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Exam Week
•GA.1 - explain the sources of genetic variation in
sexual reproducers
Level 4
Fully explains three or more sources of genetic
Description variation in sexual reproducers.
Level 3
Explains two sources of genetic variation in
Description sexual reproducers.
Meiosis Review (GA.1)
• Genetic Variation
– During Meiosis
• Crossing-over
• Independent Assortment
– After Meiosis
• Random Fertilization
• Random Mutations
•GA.3 - describe that errors can occur in fertilization
resulting in offspring with a different number of
chromosomes (e.g., Down Syndrome)
Level 4
Description
Describe how errors could occur(e.g. nondisjunction)
and that those errors can result in offspring with a
different number of chromosomes and the
exemplifies the problems that could cause.
Level 3
Description
Describe that errors can occur in fertilization
resulting in offspring with a different number of
chromosomes and the exemplifies the problems that
could cause.
Meiosis Review (GA.3)
• Errors in Fertilization
• “Nondisjunction”
– Trisomy
• extra chromosome
– Tetrasomy
• two extra chromosomes
– Monosomy
• missing a chromosome
• Examples
– Down’s Syndrome
• extra 21 chromosome
– Turner Syndrome
• inherited only one X chromosome; female appearance but do not
mature sexually and remain infertile
– Klinefelter
• an extra X chromosome in males; affects physical and cognitive
development
• DA.4 - explain techniques used in genetic
engineering (eg., stem cells research, GMO’s,
forensic, cloning) and their impact on society.
• Level 4
– Explains each applied genetics technique thoroughly
and identifies positives and negatives of their impact
on society.
• Level 3
– Explains each applied genetics technique and
identifies their impact on society.
“Genes: They’re What’s for Dinner” (DA.4)
• Genetic Engineering
– the process of manually adding new DNA to an
organism
– goal is to add one or more new traits that are not
already found in that organism
Positives?
Negatives?
Stem Cell (DA.4)
• Stem Cells
– Potential to develop into many different cell types
• Adult Stem Cell
– Can renew itself and can differentiate to yield some or all
of the major specialized cell types of the tissue or organ
– Primary role is to maintain and repair the tissue in which
they are found
• Embryonic Stem Cell
– From unused zygotes in in vitro fertilization clinics
Positives?
Negatives?
Online simulation and electrophoresis
DA.4
• DNA Fingerprinting
– Method of isolating and identifying variable elements
within the base-pair sequence of DNA
– Everyone has a unique pattern of minisatellites (sequences
of DNA that don’t code for anything)
– Process
• Sample obtained and purified
• Cut with restriction enzymes
• Sorted with gel electrophoresis
– Uses
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Pinpointing genes that cause diseases
Mapping human genome
Engineering new plants
Paternity testing
Forensics
– Pros?
– Cons?
Cloning DA.4
• Cloning
– Process used to produce genetically identical copies of an
organism
– Types
• Natural clones (asexual reproduction, identical twins)
• Gene cloning
– Produces copies of genes or segments of DNA
• Reproductive cloning
– Produces copies of whole organisms
• Therapeutic cloning
– Produces embryonic stem cells for experiments aimed at creating tissues
to replace injured or diseased tissues
– Pros
– Cons
• DA.5 - explain the history of the human genome
project and its ongoing importance in the field of
medical research
• Level 4
– Explains what is and the history of the human genome
project and explain multiple uses including its
importance in the field of medical research
• Level 3
– Explains the human genome project and explains an
example of its use.
Human Genome DA.5
• Human Genome Project
– What is it?
– Why do we care?