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Chapter 13.4 Using DNA to Duplicate Existing Mammals AP Biology Fall 2010 Embryo Cloning Geneticists have been cloning large animals by artificial twinning for some time The embryos are produced by in vitro fertilization, allowed to develop to the eight cell stage and then separated Small clusters of cells are implanted into surrogate mothers, where they grow into identical clones Embryo Cloning Adult Cloning The nucleus from an adult animal’s differentiated cell (say liver) replaces an unfertilized egg’s nucleus by microinjection in a process known as nuclear transfer The cell is induced to divide and chemicals or electric shock Soon a cluster of embryonic cells is implanted into a surrogate mother Therapeutic Cloning Using nuclear transfers , DNA of a somatic cell from the heart, liver, muscles, or nerves is transplanted into a stem cell, which is an undifferentiated cell that can still divide The descendent cells go on to differentiate into cell types of specific tissue and organs The process is called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT); it produces stem cells that are a genetic match to a patient affected by an incurable disease or spinal cord injury Also has the potential to regenerate organs