Download Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition

Molecular Biology
Lecture 13
Chapter 7
Operons:
Fine Control of
Bacterial Transcription
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The lac Operon
What will be the phenotype of the following
merodiploid strains?
oc/IS
lacIS/lacI-d
7-2
7-3
7-4
The ara Operon
• The ara operon of E. coli codes for
enzymes required to metabolize the
sugar arabinose
• It is another catabolite-repressible
operon (positive and negative control)
7-5
The araCBAD Operon
The ara operon is also called the araCBAD
operon for its 4 genes
– Three genes, araB, A, and D, encode the
arabinose metabolizing enzymes
– These are transcribed rightward from the
promoter araPBAD
– Other gene, araC
• Encodes the control protein AraC
• Transcribed leftward from the araPc promoter
7-6
Features of the ara Operon
• Two ara operators exist:
– araO1 regulates transcription of a control gene
called araC
– araO2 is located far upstream of the promoter it
controls
• CAP-binding site is 200 bp upstream of the
ara promoter, yet CAP stimulates
transcription
7-7
The ara Control Protein
•The AraC, ara control protein, acts as both a positive
and negative regulator
•There are 3 binding sites
• Far upstream site, araO2
• araO1 located between -106 and -144
• araI is really 2 half-sites
– araI1 between -56 and -78
– araI2 -35 to -51
– Each half-site can bind one monomer of AraC
7-8
AraC Control of the ara Operon
• In absence of arabinose, no araBAD products
needed, AraC exerts negative control
– Binds to araO2 and araI1
– Loops out the DNA in between
– Represses the operon
7-9
AraC Control of the ara Operon
• Presence of arabinose, AraC changes
conformation
–
–
–
–
It can no longer bind to araO2
Occupies araI1 and araI2 instead
Repression loop broken
Operon is derepressed
7-10
Positive Control of the ara Operon
• Positive control is also mediated by CAP
and cAMP
• The CAP-cAMP complex attaches to its
binding site upstream of the araBAD
promoter
CAP-cAMP
7-11
AraC controls its own
transcription
• When concentration of AraC is high, it
binds at araO1 and blocks transcription
from the araPc promoter
7-12
ara Operon Summary
• The ara operon is controlled by the AraC protein
– Represses by looping out the DNA between 2 sites,
araO2 and araI1 that are 210 bp apart
• Arabinose can derepress the operon causing
AraC to loosen its attachment to araO2 and bind
to araI2
– Break the loop and allow transcription of operon
• CAP and cAMP stimulate transcription by
binding to a site upstream of araI
– AraC controls its own synthesis by binding to araO1
and prevents leftward transcription of the araC gene
7-13
The trp Operon
• The E. coli trp operon contains the genes for the
enzymes the bacterium needs to make the
amino acid tryptophan
• The trp operon codes for anabolic enzymes,
those that build up a substance
• Anabolic enzymes are typically turned off by a
high level of the substance produced
• This operon is subject to negative control by a
repressor when tryptophan levels are elevated
• trp operon also exhibits attenuation
7-14
Tryptophan’s Role in Negative
Control of the trp Operon
• Five genes code for the enzymes involved
in tryptophan synthesis
• The trp operator lies within the trp
promoter
• High tryptophan concentration is the signal
to turn off the operon
• Presence of tryptophan helps the trp
repressor bind to its operator
7-15
Negative Control of the trp
Operon
• Without tryptophan no trp
repressor exists, just the
inactive protein,
aporepressor
• If aporepressor binds
tryptophan, changes
conformation with high
affinity for trp operator
• Combine aporepressor and
tryptophan to have the trp
repressor
• Tryptophan is a
corepressor
7-16
Attenuation in the trp Operon
Low tryptophan results in inefficient
translation of the leader peptide
7-17
Attenuation in the trp Operon
High tryptophan allows the ribosome
to translate efficiently the leader peptide
7-18
Mechanism of Attenuation
• Attenuation imposes
an extra level of
control on an operon,
more than just the
repressor-operator
system
• Operates by causing
premature termination
of the operon’s
transcript when
product is abundant
7-19
Overriding Attenuation
7-20
Defeating Attenuation
• Attenuation operates in the E. coli trp operon as
long as tryptophan is plentiful
• If amino acid supply is low, ribosomes stall at the
tandem tryptophan codons in the trp leader
• trp leader being synthesized as stalling occurs,
stalled ribosome will influence the way RNA
folds
– Prevents formation of a hairpin
– This is part of the transcription termination signal
which causes attenuation
7-21
Riboswitches
• Small molecules can act directly on the 5’UTRs of mRNAs to control their
expression
• Regions of 5’-UTRs capable of altering
their structures to control gene expression
in response to ligand binding are called
riboswitches
7-22
Riboswitch Action
• Region that binds to the ligand is an
aptamer
• An expression platform is another module
in the riboswitch which can be:
– Terminator
– Ribosome-binding site
– Another RNA element that affects gene
expression
• Operates by depressing gene expression
– Some work at the transcriptional level
– Others can function at the translational level
7-23
Model of Riboswitch Action
• FMN binds to aptamer in a
riboswitch called the RFN
element in 5’-UTR of the
ribD mRNA
• Binding FMN, base pairing
in riboswitch changes to
create a terminator
• Transcription is attenuated
• Saves cell energy as FMN is
a product of the ribD operon
7-24