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Download GO C1 Common Substances Essential To Living Things
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GO C1 Investigate and describe, in general terms, the role of different substances in the environment in supporting or harming humans and other living things. 1.3 Substance Essential to Living Things Guided Question What are the Organic and Inorganic Substances essential to living things? All chemicals can be grouped into Organic substances and inorganic substances. All living thing depend on both types of substances for growth Inorganic substances generally do not contain the element Carbon. Examples of inorganic substances include water, potassium, salt and oxygen gas. Exceptions: Carbon Dioxide(CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) Organic Compounds contain the element carbon (C) bonded together to make long chains of molecules. They also contain H (hydrogen) and (oxygen) Examples of organic substances include starch, sugar, protein, and fat. There are more organic substances than inorganic Compounds. Nutrients Nutrients are grouped into two categories: Macronutrients are elements required in Large amounts. (Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Amino Acids) Micronutrients are elements that are required by living things in trace or Small amounts. (Fe, Cu, Se, Co, Cr) Maintaining a Balance Macronutrients and micronutrients are essential for plant and animal growth and survival. They are the building blocks of body structure. Maintaining the Right Level of Nutrients - By knowing how organisms use each element, scientists can diagnose deficiencies and excesses, and act accordingly (add or remove the nutrient), to alleviate the problem. If a micronutrient is present in larger amounts than normal it can have harmful effects. Too little can also have harmful effects. The optimum amount of a substance is the amount that provides an organism with the best health Essential Life Chemicals Nutrient Importance in PLANTS Importance in HUMANS Nitrogen (N) - proteins & chlorophyll - leaf and stem growth - composition of proteins & nucleic acids - growth and repair of tissue Phosphorus (P) - root and flower growth - cellular respiration & photosynthesis - composition of bones, teeth & DNA - metabolic reactions - stimulates early growth - starch and protein production disease resistance - chlorophyll production & tuber formation - muscle contraction & nerve impulses - chlorophyll structure - photosynthesis - composition of bones & teeth - absorption of calcium & potassium - cell wall structure - cell division - composition of bones & teeth - blood clotting - muscle & nerve function - production of fruits and grains - protein synthesis - enzyme activation - detoxification Potassium (K) Magnesium (Mg) Calcium (Ca) Sulfur (S) Four classes of organic compounds essential to healthy body makeup. Carbohydrates Fats (lipids) Proteins and Amino acids Nucleic acids CARBOHYDRATES These are obtained from foods such as rice, potatoes, and fruit They form simple (sugar) and complex molecules (Starch, Cellulose) These are required for body metabolism. Carbohydrates provide Energy. LIPIDS These are found in foods such as walnuts and peanuts They form saturated and unsaturated fats are needed for providing more energy. PROTEINS These are obtained from meats, fish, and eggs They are used for growth and repair. Proteins are made from amino acid units joined together. NUCLEIC ACIDS These play an important role in heredity and cell division. There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA Essential Life Chemicals Organic compounds contain Carbon, as well as mostly Oxygen and Hydrogen. Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Description and role in nutrition - are organic molecules made up of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen - energy source for metabolism Typical dietary sources sugar, starch, cellulose, glucose, glycogen, rice, grains, potatoes, fruits Identification Test Benedict’s solution (turns from blue to yelloworange-red in the presence of sugars) Iodine (turns from redbrown to blue-black in the presence of starch) Lipids - are compounds composed of many carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms - storage of unused chemical energy fats, oils and waxes, vegetable oils, nut oils, some dairy products A translucent spot is made on brown paper by a lipid Proteins and Amino Acids - proteins are organic compounds made up of amino acids (each protein has its own unique number, combination and arrangement of amino acids) - functions include growth and repair, as well as a source of energy Enzymes, meat, eggs, dairy products, legumes, nuts Biuret solution (turns Nucleic Acids - large complicated molecules that play a major role in heredity and in controlling the cell's activities DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) from blue to purple, or mauve in the presence of protein)