Download ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
Organic compounds
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Compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen and
usually oxygen
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Four main groups: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
nucleic acids
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Basic Information –
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Make up most of the solid parts of our bodies
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Monomers – basic units
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Dehydration Synthesis  Anabolic build up
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Polymerization
Removal of water
Hydrolysis  catabolic break down
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Split water
Organic compounds
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Carbohydrates
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Function:
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Elements
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C, H, O
Ratio 2:1 – H:O
Monomer – monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)
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Energy
Structure/cell communication
Glucose is main source of energy for cells
Aerobic Respiration
Sucrose – disaccharide; table sugar; two monosaccharides
bonded together
Polysaccharide – long chains of monomers (glucose) bonded
together
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Glycogen – stores energy for in between meals
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Starch – plant long term energy storage
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Stored in liver and muscle tissue
Found in pasta, potatoes, grain (breads)
Cellulose – makes up cell walls
Not able to be digested
 Helps things go through the digestive tract – Fiber
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Organic compounds
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Lipids – fats; triglycerides
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Elements C, H, O
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Ratio
TriGlycerides
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Energy is stored in C-H bonds of fatty acids
Saturated fats
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Unsaturated fats
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Healthier
Plant oils – peanut and corn oils
Main function – long term energy storage
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Linked to vascular disease – atherosclerosis
Animal fats, coconut and palm oils
More energy than carbs
Steroids – lipids with four rings of hydrocarbons
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Cholesterol
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Necessary
Health problems
Testosterone, estrogen – sex hormones
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Stimulates changes that occur during puberty
Organic compounds
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Proteins
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Elements C, H, O and N (sometimes S)
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Monomer – amino acids
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Peptide Bonds
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Order of A.A.
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Shape
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Genetics
Polymer – polypeptide
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Hemoglobin
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Insulin
Functions – most varied in biological systems
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Structural
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actin and myosin
Enzymes – regulate metabolism
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See enzyme notes
Organic compounds
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Nucleic Acids (genetic information)
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Elements C, H, O, N and P
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Monomer: nucleotide
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5 C sugar, phosphate and Nitrogen Base
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Differ only in base
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ATCG
Polymers: DNA and RNA
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Order of the bases are essential for function
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DNA - master copy
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RNA (ribonucleic acid): - worker
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) – energy molecules used by
cells
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Also a nucleic acid
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Adenosine (adenine + ribose); 3 phosphate groups
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Energy is stored between phosphate groups
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Break bonds to release energy, form bonds to store energy
Organic compounds
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From Gene to Protein:
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Gene – a segment of DNA that codes for the production of a
specific protein
Controls cell activities by what proteins (enzymes) they code for
 Order of bases determine what amino acids sequence is used in
protein  function of individual proteins
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Transcription – copying the DNA gene to a strand of mRNA
Translation – ribosomes assemble amino acids into the correct
sequence
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Knows the sequence by the mRNA code
Problems – Mutations
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Def: changes in the DNA sequence
Change DNA sequence  change order of amino acids in protein 
change shape of protein  destroy function
 Sickle Cell anemia – point mutation
 Changes hemoglobin molecules; one amino acid is different in
polypeptide; inaffective at carrying oxygen
 Frameshift mutations – changes entire amino acid sequence after
mutation
 Cancer – mutations in genes that control cell cycle
 Oncogenes – turned on to make cells divide too quickly
 Tumor Suppressor genes – turned off to make cells divide too
quickly
 Tumor – mass of nonfunctional cells that starve surrounding
good cells
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