* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Endogenous retrovirus wikipedia , lookup
Two-hybrid screening wikipedia , lookup
Protein structure prediction wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Proteolysis wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Organic compounds Compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen and usually oxygen Four main groups: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Basic Information – Make up most of the solid parts of our bodies Monomers – basic units Dehydration Synthesis Anabolic build up Polymerization Removal of water Hydrolysis catabolic break down Split water Organic compounds Carbohydrates Function: Elements C, H, O Ratio 2:1 – H:O Monomer – monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) Energy Structure/cell communication Glucose is main source of energy for cells Aerobic Respiration Sucrose – disaccharide; table sugar; two monosaccharides bonded together Polysaccharide – long chains of monomers (glucose) bonded together Glycogen – stores energy for in between meals Starch – plant long term energy storage Stored in liver and muscle tissue Found in pasta, potatoes, grain (breads) Cellulose – makes up cell walls Not able to be digested Helps things go through the digestive tract – Fiber Organic compounds Lipids – fats; triglycerides Elements C, H, O Ratio TriGlycerides Energy is stored in C-H bonds of fatty acids Saturated fats Unsaturated fats Healthier Plant oils – peanut and corn oils Main function – long term energy storage Linked to vascular disease – atherosclerosis Animal fats, coconut and palm oils More energy than carbs Steroids – lipids with four rings of hydrocarbons Cholesterol Necessary Health problems Testosterone, estrogen – sex hormones Stimulates changes that occur during puberty Organic compounds Proteins Elements C, H, O and N (sometimes S) Monomer – amino acids Peptide Bonds Order of A.A. Shape Genetics Polymer – polypeptide Hemoglobin Insulin Functions – most varied in biological systems Structural actin and myosin Enzymes – regulate metabolism See enzyme notes Organic compounds Nucleic Acids (genetic information) Elements C, H, O, N and P Monomer: nucleotide 5 C sugar, phosphate and Nitrogen Base Differ only in base ATCG Polymers: DNA and RNA Order of the bases are essential for function DNA - master copy RNA (ribonucleic acid): - worker ATP (adenosine triphosphate) – energy molecules used by cells Also a nucleic acid Adenosine (adenine + ribose); 3 phosphate groups Energy is stored between phosphate groups Break bonds to release energy, form bonds to store energy Organic compounds From Gene to Protein: Gene – a segment of DNA that codes for the production of a specific protein Controls cell activities by what proteins (enzymes) they code for Order of bases determine what amino acids sequence is used in protein function of individual proteins Transcription – copying the DNA gene to a strand of mRNA Translation – ribosomes assemble amino acids into the correct sequence Knows the sequence by the mRNA code Problems – Mutations Def: changes in the DNA sequence Change DNA sequence change order of amino acids in protein change shape of protein destroy function Sickle Cell anemia – point mutation Changes hemoglobin molecules; one amino acid is different in polypeptide; inaffective at carrying oxygen Frameshift mutations – changes entire amino acid sequence after mutation Cancer – mutations in genes that control cell cycle Oncogenes – turned on to make cells divide too quickly Tumor Suppressor genes – turned off to make cells divide too quickly Tumor – mass of nonfunctional cells that starve surrounding good cells