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Ch. 9 Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy 9.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels Can be aerobic or anaerobic Cellular respiration vs fermentation Energy released is used to do work and some is lost as heat ATP is produced Oxidation and Reduction The relocation of electrons releases energy stored in organic molecules Leo goes ger – lose electron/oxidation, gain electron/reduction(reduction in positive charge) Oxidizing vs Reducing agent https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZwU8xY5VnQk Oxidation of organic fuel Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced Electrons lose potential energy along the way and energy is released Enzymes in our cells allow glucose to be oxidized in a series of steps Stepwise Energy Harvest via NAD+ Electron Transport Chain The Stages of Cellular Respiration 1. 2. 3. Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Overview of cellular respiration Substrate-level phosporylation 9.2 Glycolysis A Closer Look at Glycolysis 9.3 Citric Acid Cycle Much of the energy remains in the pyruvate molecules If oxygen is present, pyruvate enters mitochondrion and oxidation is completed by enzymes of the CAC But first we must convert pyruvate to Acetyl CoA Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA A closer look at the citric acid cycle The Pathway of Electron Transport Electron Transport Animation http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/007250 7470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__el ectron_transport_system_and_atp_synthesis_ _quiz_1_.html http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/atpgra dient/movie-flash.htm Fermentation Glycolysis plus a mechanism to regenerate NAD+ from NADH 1. Alcoholic fermentation – pyruvate is converted to ethyl alcohol plus carbon dioxide 2. Lactic Acid fermentation – pyruvate is converted to lactic acid Obligate vs facultative anaerobes Lactic vs alcoholic fermentation The Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis Glycolysis is the most widespread metabolic pathway among Earth’s organisms The cytosolic location of glycolysis implies great antiquity http://ed.ted.com/on/qUVJINlN Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways Biosynthesis Regulation of Cellular Respiration via feedback mechanisms