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Biochemistry/ Organic Molecules Biology Mr. Nelson Standard SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. I. Carbon Compounds A.) Organic Compounds Contain “Carbon” or “C” atoms Carbon bonds readily to other atoms B.) Usually refers to living things or items made from living things All living things are made up of …. Water Organic compounds I. Carbon Compounds II. Functional Group A.) Hydroxyl - contains OH - makes molecule polar B.) Carboxyl - contains O and OH II. Functional Groups C.) Amino - contains NH2 D.) Phosphate - contains P, 2O, & 2OH III. Building-Blocks of Carbon A.) Monomer = single carbon molecule B.) Polymer = molecule consisting of repeated linked monomers C.) Macromolecules = large polymers Examples: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids IV. Energy Currency A.) ATP (adenosine triphosphate) Consists of 1.) Adenine 2.) Ribose (sugar) 3.) 3 Phosphate groups Energy is held in the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups!! Energy is released when this bond is broken. Assignment Workbook P. 15 Voc. 1, 4, 5 Mult. Choice #1 - 5 P. 16 Short Ans. #2, 5 Struct. And Funct. #1, 3 Standards SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. SPI3210.1.5 – I can identify how enzymes control chemical reactions in the body. V. Molecules of Life A.) Carbohydrates - sugars that your body breaks down and turns into energy (ATP) 1.) Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose) Made of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio C:H:O 1:2:1 Example 2.) Disaccharide (sucrose) - composed of 2 monosaccharides - Example: V. Molecules of Life 3.) Polysaccharide - composed of 3 or more monosaccharides - Example: glycogen, starch, cellulose V. Molecules of Life B.) Proteins 1.) Made of mostly C, H, O, and N 2.) Are long chains of amino acids Joined together by peptide bonds Dipeptide: two amino acids Polypeptide: very long chain of amino acids Proteins all have a different shape but are all globular V. Molecules of Life 3.) Enzymes Proteins that act as biological catalyst Speeds up reactions Substrate = reactant being catalyzed Active site = area on enzyme where the substrate binds Action of Enzyme: Binds to substrate at active site Enzyme changes slightly Substrate reconfigures into product Enzyme goes back to original shape V. Molecules of Life Factors that affect enzymes: Temperature pH Standards SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. V. Molecules of Life C.) Lipids 1.) Made of C, H, and O Many more C’s and H’s than O’s Are NONPOLAR 2.) Usually found in Long Chains called “fatty acids” 1.)Triglicerides: 3 fatty acids + alcohol glycerol Saturated: each carbon atom has 4 bonds Solid at room temp. (butter and animal fat) Unsaturated: double bonds formed between carbons Liquid at room temp. (vegetable oil) V. Molecules of Life 2.)Phospholipids 2 fatty acids + glycerol Make up the cell membrane Phospholipid bilayer Keeps water in or out of cell V. Molecules of Life 3.) Waxes Consist of long fatty acid + long alcohol chain Waterproof Ex: protective coating of plants, earwax 4.) Steroids Made of 4 carbon rings + functional group Ex: hormones Testosterone, cholesterol Standards SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. V. Molecules of Life D.) Nucleic Acids Made of chains of Nucleotides (3 parts) 1.) phosphate group 2.) five-carbon sugar 3.) nitrogenous base Store and transmit genetic information Ex. DNA Determines characteristics and directs cell activities RNA Instructions for making proteins Assignment Workbook Pg. 5-6 Pg. 9-10 Standards SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. SPI3210.1.4 – I can identify positive tests for carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. VI. Testing for Molecules Test foods or drinks for Carbs, Lipids, or Proteins A.) Benedict’s Solution - changes from blue-green to yellow or orange in presence of carbs B.) Lugol’s Iodine Solution - changes to blue-black in presence of starches VI. Testing for Molecules C.) Biuret Solution - changes to violet in presence of proteins D.) Sudan IV Solution - stains red in presence of lipids Standards SPI3210.1.3 – I can distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. SPI3210.1.4 – I can identify positive tests for carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. SPI3210.1.5 – I can identify how enzymes control chemical reactions in the body. Chapter Review Pg. 62 (5-23)