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Biology Semester Exam Review Scientific Method Steps of Sci Method: Observation - Problem Hypothesis Experiment Record Data (# or details) Analyze and Form Conclusions Replicate Work Variables Controlled Experiment: Two groups differ by one factor; control is present Control vs Experimental Group: Experimental group has something changed (i.e. amount of light, etc) Variables Independent Variables: Changed by scientist to see what happens Dependent Variable: Changes in response to the change the scientist makes to the independent variable. Seven characteristics of living things Respond to stimuli Limited life span Maintains homeostasis Made up of one or more cells Reproduces Growth and development Contains hereditary information Chemistry Covalent Bonds Bond formed by sharing electrons Ionic Bond Bond that forms by transferring the electrons; can create an electrical attraction Elements, Compound, Mixture Elements: substance made up of one kind of atom (i.e. oxygen) Compound: made up of two or more elements (i.e. water), chemically bonded Mixture: substances that are mixed without forming a new chemical bond (i.e. saltwater) 2H2O + O22H2O2 Atoms= hydrogen, oxygen Reactants: 2H2O + O2 Products: 2H2O2 pH Scale pH runs from 1-14 7 is neutral Below 7 acidic (with 1 being more acidic) Above 7 basic with 14 being most basic pH Scale The pH scale measures the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution. pH stands for powers of hydrogen. Neutralization Reaction Reaction that occurs when acids and bases are combined to form water and salt EX: NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O Solution & Its Parts Substances are spread evenly throughout the mixture EX: Air- comprised of N, O, CO2 Two parts: a. b. Solvent: substance that a solute is dissolved in Solutes: substance that is dissolved in a solvent Biochemistry Organic Compounds Compounds that contain carbon and occur naturally only in the bodies and products of an organism Monomers Carbs: sugar (monosaccharide) Proteins: amino acids Nucleic Acid: nucleotide Parts of a lipid 3 fatty acids and glycerol Classify: A. carb B. carb C. Lipids D. Lipids E. Lipids F. Nucleic Acids G. Nucleic Acids H. Proteins I-K. Carb Disaccaharide: 2 sugars (maltose) Polypeptide: 2+ amino acids connected by peptide bonds Polar vs. Nonpolar Water is polar Polar molecule: a molecule that has a partial positive and partial negative charge Only polar substances will dissolve in water; non polar will not. Enzymes Proteins that are necessary for life It is a catalyst, which causes a reaction to occur Affected by: pH, temperature Active site: Area where substrate binds Cell Theory 1. All living things are composed of one or more cells 2. Cells are organisms’ basic units of structure and function 3. Cells come only from existing cells Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotes: Lack any internal membrane bound structures (most organelles) and nucleus Ex: bacteria Eukaryotes: have nucleus; plants & animals Fluid Mosaic Model Fluid because: the phospholipid and protein molecules are able to move around not stuck in one place and Mosaic because: The membrane contains a variety of proteins embedded within the phospholipid. Phospholipid Bilayer Permeable Permeable membrane – allows everything to pass through (selectively)Semi-permeable – only allows some things to pass through Impermeable – does not allow anything to pass Organization Cells to tissue Tissue to organs Organs to organ system Organ system to organism Active vs. Passive Active Energy Required Moves from low concentration to high concentration Passive No energy required Moves from high concentration to low concentration Diffusion Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration Passive Transport Diffusion Concentration Gradient Occurs when there is a difference between high and low concentration Osmosis Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration Passive Plasmolysis vs. Cytolysis Plasmolysis: shrinking of cytoplasm (result of hypertonic solution) Cytolysis: cell explodes due to hypotonic solution Endocytosis Transporting material into cell by vesicle EX: Pinocytosis: small liquids are taken into cell by vesicle Phagocytosis: solid particles ingested into cell by vesicles Exocytosis Transporting material out of cell by vesicle Type of Solution Where is there more solute Where is there more solvent (water) What direction does water move What happens to the cell Hypotonic Inside cell Outside cell Inside Cytolysis (explode) Hypertonic Outside cell Inside cell Outside Plasmolysis (shrink) Isotonic Equal Equal Constant Nothing Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 1. What is photosynthesis? The process of capturing energy of sunlight and transforming it into chemical energy. a.Where in the cell does it take place? Chloroplast The overall chemical reaction involved in photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy C6H12O6+ 6O2. In simple terms, we can say it the following way Carbon Dioxide + Water + sun energy Glucose + Oxygen Reactants: Carbon dioxide, water, energy Products: Glucose, oxygen 2. What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs? Autotrophs: Organisms that make their own food EX: green plants, algae Heterotrophs: Organisms that cannot make their own food and must depend on other plants or animals as food source 3. What is aerobic cellular respiration? Where in the cell does it take place? Aerobic Occurs Respiration: in presence of oxygen Occurs in the mitochondria Yields about 36 ATP 4. How is aerobic respiration different from anaerobic cellular respiration? Anaerobic Occurs Respiration: without oxygen Occurs in the cytoplasm Yields 2 ATP 5. What is another name for anaerobic respiration? Fermentation Lactic acid fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation