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V. Mutations Mutations Unfortunately, nature isn’t always perfect. What happens when things go wrong? A. What is a mutation? 1. a) (point) mutationa change in a single gene b) mutationa change in the number or structure of the chromosome B. ______ (point) Mutations 1. To illustrate gene mutations, we’re going to use this sentence as an example: THEDOGBITTHECAT ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 2.______ ___________: a change in one or a few ____________ on a DNA strand 3. 3 specific types we will discuss include: a) b) c) a) (____________ & ____________) 4. Silent Mutations a) mutations that ______ the DNA sequence, but ______ ______ the ______ ____ sequence produced in protein synthesis. – This has NO effect on an organism. Why? THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE ______ 5. Substitution Mutation a) Substitution mutations ______ change the A.A. sequence. THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE ______ 6. Frameshift Mutations a) Two types of frameshift mutations: – __________ – __________ b) Frameshift mutations cause _________ changes to the amino acid sequence – since the sequence is still read in groups of three. 6. Frameshift Mutations we’re going to insert another “D” THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE ___ ___ ___ ___ we’re going to delete this “D” THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE ___ ___ ___ ___ C. Chromosomal Mutations 1._________ : occurs when a chromosome breaks and a piece of a chromosome is lost. Chromosomal Mutations 2. _________– occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off and is incorporated _______ _______________ _________________. Chromosomal Mutations 3. ____________ – occurs when parts of two different chromosomes _______ ______________. Chromosomal Mutations 4. ____________ – occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off, turns around, and reattaches in the _____________ ____________. D. How to become a mutant… 1. Can I become a mutant? a) Yes, but not like the comics. b) Some mutations are inherited but others occur later in life as a result of mutagens. c) Mutagens are things that can cause a change in DNA sequences. • • • Radiation Chemicals (think teenage mutant ninja turtles) High temperatures Monster DNA • Using the knowledge that you have gained this unit, follow the directions on the WS to create your monsters! Homework • Monster DNA