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Chapter 9 Energy in a Cell Section 9.1 The Need for Energy • Explain why organisms need a supply of energy. • Describe how energy is stored and released by ATP. ATP: The Energy unit of the Cell Adenine NH2 N O O -O O - O O O - O N CH2 N CH C N O H Phosphate groups C HC O O C H H H OH Ribose OH ATP (adenosine triphosphate,三磷酸腺苷) Cell Energy use in Active Transport • Energy is released from ATP (-30.54 kJ/mol) – When the terminal phosphate bond is broken Section 9.2 Photosynthesis: Trapping the Sun’s Energy • Relate the structure of chloroplasts to the events in photosynthesis. • Describe light-dependent reactions. • Explain the reactions and products of the lightindependent Calvin cycle. Trapping Energy from Sunlight • The process that uses the sun’s energy to make simple sugars is called photosynthesis(光合作用). (P 225) 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2 O Leaf cross section Vein Mesophyll Stomata CO2 O2 P 184 The Light-Dependent reactions (光反应) Light Reflected Light Chloroplast Absorbed light Granum Transmitted light Pigments- light absorbing molecules Chlorophyll a (main pigment in photosystem 1) Chlorophyll b (main pigment in photosystem 2) The Light-Dependent reactions Photolysis 3H+= 1 ATP • Chemiosmosis: – Movement of chemicals across a selectively- permeable membrane H2O CO2 Light NADP ADP + P CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTIONS ATP NADPH Chloroplast O2 [CH2O] (sugar) The Light-Independent reactions Final Numbers Light-Dependent Reactions Use Produce Sunlight NADPH H2O ATP O2 Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) Use Produce NADPH RuBP RuBP ATP PGAL (Which form sugars) CO2 NADP+/ADP/Pi P 242 Section9.3 Getting Energy to Make ATP • Compare and contrast cellular respiration and fermentation. • Explain how cells obtain energy from cellular respiration. Cellular Respiration (p 231) • The process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP is called cellular respiration(细胞呼吸). C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Cellular Respiration Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2 Electrons carried via NADH Glucos e Citric acid cycle Glycolsis Pyruvate Cytosol ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Mitochondrion ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Oxidative phosphorylation Total Cellular Respiration NADH 2 FADH2 0 ATP • Glycolysis (糖酵解) – in the cytoplasm,break down glucose, into two molecules of pyruvic acid a (3-C) – is anaerobic—no oxygen is required. – 2 ATP go in, 4 come out; Net Gain of 2 ATP – Also produces 2 NADH -2+4= 2 Cellular Respiration Total NADH 2+2= 4 FADH2 0 ATP 2 CO2 2 Total Krebs Cycle NADH 4+6= 10 FADH2 2 ATP 2+2= 4 CO2 2+4= 6 Electron Transport Chain (电子传递链) Total NADH -10 FADH2 -2 ATP 4+34= 38 CO2 6 H2O 6 2H+ = 1 ATP Final Numbers… Electron shuttles span membrane CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION 2 NADH or 2 FADH2 2 NADH 2 NADH Glycolysis 2 Acetyl CoA 2 Pyruvate Glucose + 2 ATP 6 NADH Citric acid cycle + 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation Maximum per glucose: by substrate-level phosphorylation About 36 or 38 ATP 2 FADH2 Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis + about 32 or 34 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, depending on which shuttle transports electrons from NADH in cytosol Cellular Respiration Fermentation (发酵) • In the absence of oxygen,cells can still produce ATP through fermentation • There are two major types of fermentation: lactic acid fermentation (乳酸发酵) and alcoholic fermentation(酒精发酵). Glucose CYTOSOL Pyruvate No O2 present Fermentation O2 present Cellular respiration MITOCHONDRION Ethanol or lactate Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle 2 Ethanol 2 Acetaldehyde Lactic Acid Fermentation (b) Alcohol fermentation 2 ADP + 2 P1 2 ATP • Fermentation allows constant energy supply during exercise Glucose Glycolysis • Lactic acid can not be changedO–back into C O pyruvic acid in the cells C O • Liver has enzymes designed to convert 2 NADH 2 NAD+ CH3 O lactic acid C O • Lactic acid builds up too fast and changes H OHthe pH of muscle cells C CH3 • Change in pH slows performance and 2 Lactate weakens the muscle cells (a) Lactic acid fermentation Alcohol Fermentation 2 ADP + 2 Glucose P1 2 ATP Glycolysis O – C O C O CH3 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD+ H H C 2 NADH 2 CO2 H OH CH3 2 Ethanol (b) Alcohol fermentation C O CH3 2 Acetaldehyde P 235 Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration P 237 That’s all