Download Lab 7 PPT - Dr Magrann

CH2OH
GLYCOLYSIS
O
OH
OH
OH
FERMENTATION
GLUCOSE
Homolactic
OH
ATP
ADP
Kinase
CH2O(P)
O
CH3-C-COO-
CH3-C-COO-
O
OH
GLUCOSE-6-P
OH
CH3-C-COOO
O
OH
OH
2, 3 Butanediolic
Isomerase
FRUCTOSE-6-P
+
O
CO2
OH
ATP
ADP
Kinase
C-CH3
CH3-C
FRUCTOSE-1,6
Di-Phosphate
O
2NADH
2NAD+
CH2O(P)
OH
OH
CH3-C-C-CH3
OH
Acetoin
O H
Adolase
2NADH
2NAD+
DiOH Acetone Phosphate (3C)
P-Glyceraldehyde (3C)
OH OH
NAD+
NADH2
ADP + Pi
ATP
H H
1 GLU + 2ATP + 2NAD =
2PYR + 4ATP + 2NADH2
Kinase
2, 3, Butanediol
CH3-C-C-CH3
GLYCOLYSIS
1, 3, P-Glyceric acid
NET GAIN = 2 ATP
2 P-Glyceric acid
x2
Isomerase
Isocitric Acid
(6C)
NAD+
NADH2
Enol Pyruvate
ADP + Pi
ATP
Coenzyme A
NAD+
Pyruvate
NADH2
CH3-C-COOH
Kinase
x2
2, 3 Butanediolic Fermentation
2PYR + 2NADH 
Acetoin + NAD + 2 CO2 
+2NADH 
2, 3 Butanediol + 2NAD
NET GAIN = 4 NAD
O
O
CH2O(P)
Ethanolic Fermentation
PYR + NADH 
Acetaldehyde + NAD + CO2 
+NADH 
ETOH + NAD
NET GAIN = 2 NAD
O
CO2
OH
ETOH
CH3-CH2-OH
CH3-C-COO-
O
CH2OH
NAD+
NADH
Pyruvate
Pyruvate
CH3-C-COO-
CH2O(P)
CO2
Acetaldehyde
H
CH3-C
Pyruvate
Ethanolic
OH
NAD+
NADH
Homolactic Fermentation
PYR + NADH 
Lactic Acid + NAD
NET GAIN = 1 NAD
Lactic Acid
H
NAD+
NADH
Pyruvate
CO2
ά Ketoglutarate Acid (5C)
COO- -CH2-CH2-C-COOO
NAD+
NADH2
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
(TCA/ Krebs Cycle)
Succinyl CoA
Citric Acid
Acetyl CoA
CH3-C-S-CoA
O Dehydrogenase CO
2
Oxaloacitic Acid (4C)
O
COO- -CH2-C-COOO
PYRUVATE
ACTIVATION
GDP+
GTP
Malate Acid
PYRUVATE ACTIVATION
NAD+
NADH2
16 NADH from
glycolysis
need to be
reduced.
H
Red
H
Ox
+3
+2
FMN
Fes
+2
+3
H2
Red
Ox
Red
TOTAL GAIN:
8 H+
2 GTP
*First energy-producing
step
Red
Ox
Anaerobic phosphorylation endproducts (instead of H2O)
Red
H
Ox
H2O
CoQ
CO2
FAD+
FADH2
Fumorate Acid
ELECRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM (RESPIRATION / OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
Ox
MULTIPLY THE
ABOVE BY TWO
Succinate
2 PYR + 2NAD + 2CoA =
Acetyl CoA + 2NADH2 + 2CO2
ETS
TCA
Acetyl CoA + 3NAD +
1 FAD + 1GTP =
3 NADH + 1FADH2 +
GTP + CO2
Cyt b
Cyt c
Cyt a1
Ox
Red
Ox
H2S
NH3
Cyt a3
O2
ADP ATP
ADP ATP
ATPase
ATPase
Red
ADP ATP
ATPase
SO4
NO2
GLYCOLYSIS
1 GLU + 2ATP + 2NAD = 2PYR +
4ATP + 2NADH2
NET GAIN = 2 ATP
Glycolysis takes place in the
cytoplasm. It converts
glucose, fructose, or
galactose into 2 molecules of
pyruvate plus 2 ATP. This
process uses NAD (an
electron acceptor), which
becomes reduced to NADH.
We need to get it back to
NAD or glycolysis will stop.
The pyruvates are then taken
to the mitochondria to go
through the Kreb’s (TCA)
cycle to generate ATP.
2
Glycolysis
• Glycolysis is like a gumball machine in
the cytoplasm. You put one sugar
molecule in, add 2 pennies (ATP) and
get out two gumballs (pyruvate). The
gumball machine also gives your two
pennies back, plus an additional two
pennies! It takes money to make money,
right?
• So now you have an extra 2 pennies to
spend on energy, plus the two gumballs
that you can take to the mitochondria to
convert to 2 more special pennies (GTP)
that can only be used for certain games
in the body (protein synthesis and
gluconeogenesis).
3
Glycolysis
• During glycolysis, we have to get rid of a
hydrogen (H+), but almost no one wants to
carry that burden.
• There is a guy named NAD who is willing to
accept this burden. When he takes on the H+,
he is reduced. If his H+ burden is removed by
someone else, he feels good, and is oxidized!
• All of NAD’s brothers are also named NAD. It
takes 2 NAD brothers to come to the glycolysis
gumball machine and take on the burden of the
H+. They are now called NADH.
• Right now, you need to take your 2 gumballs
(pyruvate) to the mitochondria so you can
convert them into special pennies.
• The two NADH brothers will wait for you to
complete the Kreb’s Cycle, so you can escort
them to the Electron Transport Chain, where
their H+ burdens will be lifted.
4
Kreb’s Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)
Acetyl CoA + 3NAD + 1 FAD + 1GTP = 3 NADH + 1FADH2 + GTP + CO2
MULTIPLY THE ABOVE BY TWO
TOTAL GAIN: 8 H+ and 2 GTP
This occurs in the mitochondria, and requires
oxygen. It takes pyruvate from glucose, and
acetate (in the form of Acetyl CoA) from
carbohydrates, fats and proteins, and generates 2
GTP (similar to ATP). The waste product is carbon
dioxide.
Like glycolysis, it uses NAD and reduces it to
NADH. The NADH is then sent to the Electron
Transport System so it can be converted back to
NAD so glycolysis can continue.
5
Kreb’s Cycle
• Now you have taken your two gumballs
from glycolysis (pyruvate) and entered
the mitochondria.
• You see your neighbor, who does not
use sugar. He only deals with Acetyl
CoA, which he gets from the breakdown
of carbohydrates, fats and proteins
elsewhere in the body.
• You put one of your pyruvate gumballs
into a Kreb machine, along with one of
his Acetyl CoA molecules.
• Three more NAD brothers, plus their
cousin FAD have to come in to bear the
burdens of the four H+ that will be
generated.
6
Kreb’s Cycle
• For all this, you will get only one special
penny (GTP). Since you have two
gumballs, do it again.
• You will now have two special pennies,
but you now have 8 new people who are
carrying your H+ burden, in addition to
the 2 people who are waiting for you at
the door from the gumball machine.
• You need to take all of them to the
Electron Transport Chain so someone
else can lift their burden and they can
get back to work at the gumball machine
again.
7
The Electron Transport System (aka oxidative
phosphorylation, or cellular respiration) takes the NADH
molecules from glycolysis and the TCA cycle and reduces
them back to NAD so glycolysis can continue. It also
generates more ATP. When this system is performing in the
presence of oxygen, oxygen is consumed and the waste
product is water. When it is done anaerobically (such as in
some bacteria), sulfate is used and the waste product is
hydrogen sulfide (will show a black precipitate on culture
media) or nitrite is used and the waste product is ammonia.
8
Electron Transport Chain
(cellular respiration)
• When the NADH brothers enter this area
of the mitochondria, they have to walk
through a hallway lined with many
people that want to shake their hand.
• When they finally get to the end of the
line, they are greeted by the heavenly
oxygen angel. She is so strong, she can
take and hold 2 burdens at once.
• When she takes the H+ burden from two
NADH brothers, she becomes water.
The water will be exhaled. We need to
inhale some more heavenly oxygen
angels to keep this process going.
• Now the NAD brothers have been
oxidized. They feel so good, they want to
go back to work to help again with
9
bearing the H+ burden.
What if there is no more
oxygen?
• Some bacteria, molds, and yeasts
can still use the ETC when there is
no oxygen. At the end of the handshaking line, they have either
sulfate or nitrate.
• If they have sulfate, instead of
taking the H+ and turning into water
to be exhaled, it turns into
hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a waste
product which shows up as a black
color on a Petri dish.
• If they have nitrate, they will turn
into ammonia, a waste product
which has a high pH.
10
What if there is no more
oxygen?
• Humans do not have sulfate or
nitrate. They can only use oxygen
as the final electron acceptor in the
electron transport chain (cellular
respiration).
• Muscle cells use a lot of energy, so
they are able to run out of oxygen
yet still carry out cellular respiration
by using fermentation to take the
H+ burden off the NAD brothers so
they can go back to work for the
gumball glycolysis machine and the
Kreb’s machine. Muscles are the
only human cells that can do this. 11
Fermentation Pathways
•
•
•
•
When no oxygen is present (such as in muscles during
sprinting), the NADH molecules that were generated from
glycolysis and the TCA cycle cannot use the electron transport
chain to be converted back to NAD. Instead, they use one of
three fermentation pathways.
Homolactic
Ethanolic
2, 3, Butanediolic
• In the homolactic pathway (used by humans),
the H+ from NADH is donated to pyruvate,
converting it to the waste product: lactic acid.
The NAD has now been regenerated so
glycolysis can continue. By breathing heavily,
oxygen is added to lactic acid, converting it to
glucose. The lactic acid could also be carried
by the bloodstream to the liver, where it is
converted back to pyruvate. Therefore,
increasing circulation and oxygen helps
eliminate lactic acid build-up (ultrasound or
massage therapy for sore muscles helps).
12
Ethanol Fermentation
• The ethanol fermentation pathway
also uses glycolysis, but the
pyruvate is then converted to
ethanol and carbon dioxide.
• Yeasts use this pathway to create
beer, and cause the rising of bread
dough.
Ethanolic Fermentation
PYR + NADH 
Acetaldehyde + NAD + CO2  +NADH 
ETOH + NAD
NET GAIN = 2 NAD
13
CH2OH
GLYCOLYSIS
O
OH
OH
OH
FERMENTATION
GLUCOSE
Homolactic
OH
ATP
ADP
Kinase
CH2O(P)
O
CH3-C-COO-
CH3-C-COO-
O
OH
GLUCOSE-6-P
OH
CH3-C-COOO
O
OH
OH
2, 3 Butanediolic
Isomerase
FRUCTOSE-6-P
+
O
CO2
OH
ATP
ADP
Kinase
C-CH3
CH3-C
FRUCTOSE-1,6
Di-Phosphate
O
2NADH
2NAD+
CH2O(P)
OH
OH
CH3-C-C-CH3
OH
Acetoin
O H
Adolase
2NADH
2NAD+
DiOH Acetone Phosphate (3C)
P-Glyceraldehyde (3C)
OH OH
NAD+
NADH2
ADP + Pi
ATP
H H
1 GLU + 2ATP + 2NAD =
2PYR + 4ATP + 2NADH2
Kinase
2, 3, Butanediol
CH3-C-C-CH3
GLYCOLYSIS
1, 3, P-Glyceric acid
NET GAIN = 2 ATP
2 P-Glyceric acid
x2
Isomerase
Isocitric Acid
(6C)
NAD+
NADH2
Enol Pyruvate
ADP + Pi
ATP
Coenzyme A
NAD+
Pyruvate
NADH2
CH3-C-COOH
Kinase
x2
2, 3 Butanediolic Fermentation
2PYR + 2NADH 
Acetoin + NAD + 2 CO2 
+2NADH 
2, 3 Butanediol + 2NAD
NET GAIN = 4 NAD
O
O
CH2O(P)
Ethanolic Fermentation
PYR + NADH 
Acetaldehyde + NAD + CO2 
+NADH 
ETOH + NAD
NET GAIN = 2 NAD
O
CO2
OH
ETOH
CH3-CH2-OH
CH3-C-COO-
O
CH2OH
NAD+
NADH
Pyruvate
Pyruvate
CH3-C-COO-
CH2O(P)
CO2
Acetaldehyde
H
CH3-C
Pyruvate
Ethanolic
OH
NAD+
NADH
Homolactic Fermentation
PYR + NADH 
Lactic Acid + NAD
NET GAIN = 1 NAD
Lactic Acid
H
NAD+
NADH
Pyruvate
CO2
ά Ketoglutarate Acid (5C)
COO- -CH2-CH2-C-COOO
NAD+
NADH2
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
(TCA/ Krebs Cycle)
Succinyl CoA
Citric Acid
Acetyl CoA
CH3-C-S-CoA
O Dehydrogenase CO
2
Oxaloacitic Acid (4C)
O
COO- -CH2-C-COOO
PYRUVATE
ACTIVATION
GDP+
GTP
Malate Acid
PYRUVATE ACTIVATION
NAD+
NADH2
16 NADH from
glycolysis
need to be
reduced.
H
Red
H
Ox
+3
+2
FMN
Fes
+2
+3
H2
Red
Ox
Red
TOTAL GAIN:
8 H+
2 GTP
*First energy-producing
step
Red
Ox
Anaerobic phosphorylation endproducts (instead of H2O)
Red
H
Ox
H2O
CoQ
CO2
FAD+
FADH2
Fumorate Acid
ELECRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM (RESPIRATION / OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
Ox
MULTIPLY THE
ABOVE BY TWO
Succinate
2 PYR + 2NAD + 2CoA =
Acetyl CoA + 2NADH2 + 2CO2
ETS
TCA
Acetyl CoA + 3NAD +
1 FAD + 1GTP =
3 NADH + 1FADH2 +
GTP + CO2
Cyt b
Cyt c
Cyt a1
Ox
Red
Ox
H2S
NH3
Cyt a3
O2
ADP ATP
ADP ATP
ATPase
ATPase
Red
ADP ATP
ATPase
SO4
NO2
ATP
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is used in cells
as a coenzyme. It is often called the "molecular
unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer.
• ATP transports chemical energy within cells for
metabolism. It is one of the end products of
phosphorylation and cellular respiration and
used in many cellular processes, including
muscle contraction, motility, and cell division.
• One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate
groups which provide energy. When ATP is
used, it loses a phosphate and is reduced to
ADP (diphosphate).
• Metabolic processes that use ATP as an
energy source convert it back into its
precursors. ATP is therefore continuously
recycled.
• Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is similar to ATP
but can only be used as a source of energy for
protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis.
15
ATP Molecule
16