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Protein Synthesis: Transcription & Translation DNA > mRNA > ribosome > protein Protein Synthesis Overview • Two processes are required: – 1. – 2. Transcription: DNA > mRNA Transcription: - • Steps of Transcription 1. DNA strands unwind & separate 2. DNA strand containing a specific gene serves as a template strand 3. RNA nucleotides are matched to complimentary DNA bases 4. mRNA molecule is complete and DNA rewinds • The bases of mRNA pair with DNA bases but RNA replaces T with U DNA A T G C • DNA: • mRNA: RNA U A C G CTG TAC GGA ---> Transcription GAC AUG CCU template strand Transcription • mRNA leaves the nucleus Translation: mRNA > protein • Process of making proteins from info on mRNA – mRNA travels out of nucleus to the ribosome, which “reads” the mRNA as a series of 3 letter words called codons • Codon: 3-base code on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid – Ex. CGU = alanine GUU = valine • The sequence of bases in DNA tell mRNA what order amino acids must join together to make a particular protein. Codons found in mRNA Third Base First Base Second Base • Transfer RNA (tRNA) matches up with each codon and transfers the correct amino acid • Each tRNA molecule has 3 unpaired bases called the anticodon that is complementary to one mRNA codon. • Each amino acid is added to a growing chain of amino acids • Protein = peptide bonds connecting amino acids – Many different types of proteins exist because the number and sequence of amino acids can be different Second Base First Base Practice translating mRNA into amino acids: mRNA: AUG AAA AGU UGU CUG GUU UAA A.A: Met - Lys – Ser - Cys – Leu – Val - Stop ______________________________________ Third Base Codons found in mRNA How DNA determines proteins • DNA molecules serve as templates for making messenger RNA molecules • Messenger RNA molecules move to ribosomes • Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome • Polypeptides (proteins) are formed as ribosomes move along the messenger RNA strand Gene Expression • DNA in all of your body cells is the same! – Ex: DNA in your eye cells is the same DNA that is in your skin cells. • Different types of cells express different genes. – Ex: Your eyes may be green, while your skin is brown. • Specialization of cells is due to different patterns of gene expression, rather than different genes themselves. – Liver cells express different genes than blood cells • DNA: TAC TCC AGC GCA ACT ----Transcription----> • mRNA: AUG AGG UCG CGU UGA ----Translation---> • A.A.: met arg ser arg stop Learning Goals • 1. Summarize the overall process of protein synthesis including the “central dogma rule”. • 2. Describe Transcription in detail including where it takes places and the roles of introns and exons. • 3. Describe Translation in detail including where it takes place, codons, anti-codons, tRNA, amino acids, and protein • 4. Explain how gene expression works.