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Central Dogma Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to info essential to life processes. Essential Knowledge • 3A1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. Central Dogma! Protein Synthesis • Genetic info flows from nucleotide sequence in a gene to amino acid sequence in a protein Fig. 5-26-1 DNA 1 Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus mRNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM Fig. 5-26-2 DNA 1 Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus mRNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM mRNA 2 Movement of mRNA into cytoplasm via nuclear pore Fig. 5-26-3 DNA 1 Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus mRNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM mRNA 2 Movement of mRNA into cytoplasm via nuclear pore Ribosome 3 Synthesis of protein Polypeptide Amino acids Types of RNA Involved • mRNA: Carries info from DNA to ribosome Types of RNA Involved • tRNA: Bind specific amino acids and allow info in the mRNA to be translated into a linear peptide sequence. rRNA! What’s a Pirates Favorite RNA?? • Functional building blocks of ribosomes (site of translation) Types of RNA Involved • RNAi: RNA interference molecu les stops gene expression; may destroy mRNA. • MicroRNA and siRNA (small interfering RNA) that regulate gene expression. Transcription Occurs Here! Translation Occurs Here! Transcription • DNA mRNA, made by RNA polymerase II • RNA polymerase binds on promoter (nucleotide), reads DNA from 3’ to 5’ • 3 stages: Initiation,Elongation, Termination RULE! • A on DNA complements U on RNA • RNA has no T base! Initiation • Promoters: start RNA synthesis, TATA box is one in eukaryotes • Transcription factors: help binding of RNA polymerase • Assembly called transcription initiation complex Fig. 17-8 1 Promoter A eukaryotic promoter includes a TATA box Template 5 3 TATA box Start point 2 Transcription factors 3 5 Template DNA strand Several transcription factors must bind to the DNA before RNA polymerase II can do so. 5 3 3 5 3 Additional transcription factors bind to the DNA along with RNA polymerase II, forming the transcription initiation complex. RNA polymerase II Transcription factors 5 3 3 5 5 RNA transcript Transcription initiation complex Elongation • Transcription progresses at a rate of 40 nucleotides per second in eukaryotes Termination • In bacteria: polymerase stops transcription at end of terminator (nucleotide sequence) • In eukaryotes: polymerase continues transcription after pre-mRNA is cut polymerase eventually falls off DNA How is mRNA Processing Like an Aglet?? Enzymes add a Poly A Tail on 3’ end and a GTP Cap on 5’ end • Helps export mRNA and protect from degrading hydrolytic enzymes RNA Processing • RNA splicing: removes introns (noncoding), joins exons (coding) Translation Occurs at Ribosomes • 2 ribosomal subunits (large and small) are made of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Ribosomes • Either free floating in cytoplasm Ribosomes •Or Attached to Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum P Site: holds tRNA that carries growing polypeptide chain A Site: holds next tRNA that will add a. acid to chain E Site: holds exit tRNA that doesn’t have an a. acid Ribosomes Initiation of Translation • mRNA interacts w/ rRNA of ribosome at start codon AUG • mRNA is read in triplets called codons, which encodes a specific amino acid. • tRNA carries the amino acid to the mRNA and ribosome Termination of Translation • Amino acids join to make a peptide chain • Stop codon stops process, release new peptide chain. Amino Acid Sequences mRNA and Transcription Big green thing = RNA polymerase Protein Synthesis Videos • NOVA: DNA Secret of Life Prokaryotic Protein Synthesis Phenotypes are determined through protein synthesis!