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Biology
Enzymes
Learning Intentions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What are enzymes?
Describe the structure of enzymes
Types of enzyme reactions
Examples of enzymes
Effect of Temperature & pH on
enzymes
1. What are enzymes?
What are enzymes (short video clip)
1. Enzymes are found in all living cells.
2. Enzymes are made of protein.
3. Enzymes are Biological Catalysts
4. Enzymes speed up reactions
5. Enzymes are unchanged by the reaction
2. Structure of Enzymes
Enzyme active site
The Substrate is the chemical that the enzyme acts on
The Product is the end chemical produced
The active site of an enzyme is where the chemical reaction
occurs and is said to be “complementary” to the substrate.
The enzyme and the substrate shape match each other exactly
Enzymes are specific – as only one enzyme acts on only one substrate
Build a Play-doh Model
3.Types of Enzyme Reactions
Degradation Reaction (“breaking down”)
Catalase
Hydrogen Peroxide
Degradation Reaction - Practical
Oxygen + Water
Synthesis Reaction (“building up”)
Synthesis Reaction - practical
Phosphorylase
Glucose-1-phosphate
Starch
4. Examples of enzymes
Substrate Enzyme
Product
Fats
Lipase
Protein
Protease
Fatty
Acids &
Glycerol
Amino
Acids
Starch
Amylase
Amylase in action
Maltose
5.Types of Enzyme Reactions
Enzyme animation
6. Effect of Temperature on Enzymes
Optimum Temperature
As temperature increases the
enzyme activity increases.
The temperature that the
enzymes works best at is called
it’s Optimum Temperature
If the temperature is too high,
the enzymes active site
changes shape.
When the enzymes active site
has changed shape, the enzyme
is said to be denatured, and it
will no longer work.
7. Effect of pH on Enzymes
Enzymes work best within a
range of pH depending on the
type of enzyme.
The pH that the
enzymes works best at is called
it’s Optimum pH
If the pH is too high,
the enzymes active site changes
shape (denatured)
What is the optimum pH of this
enzyme ?
8. Denatured Enzymes
Normal Enzyme
Active site fits substrate
specifically – like a lock
and key (they are
complementary to each
other)
Denatured Enzyme
Active site has changed
shape so it no longer fits
substrate specifically –
like a lock and key
Enzymes Summary Video
clip
9 Enzymes & Industry
Enzymes in Fruit Juice
Enzymes help to get as much juice
as possible from the fruit.
Practical – Pectinase & Fruit Juice
Enzymes in Detergents
Enzymes help to breakdown
biological stains on clothes
Enzymes in Pharmaceutical Industries
Enzymes are used in medicine to treat
blood clots and tumours. Enzymes are
also used in testing kits e.g. testing for
sugar in urine
10) Enzymes & Biotechnology
Immobilisation
Immobilisation is a technique used to trap
enzymes or yeast cells so that they can be
reused in order to save money.
This means products can be continually made.
This process is also called Continuous Flow
Processing
Immobilised enzymes are used in the
production of lactose free milk for
people who are lactose intolerant
Immobilised enzymes are used in glucose
testing strips to measure glucose levels
in diabetics
Practical – Immobilisation