Download Bio-molecule

BELL-RINGER
Put the following in order from what you think is
smallest to largest.
CELL
ORGANELLE
MONOMER,
molecule
TISSUE
ATOM
POLYMER,
molecule
ORGAN
Bio- molecules
Life
Two or more atoms
bonded together
• Bio-molecules are large molecules that make up
living things.
Carbohydrates
Proteins
(sugars)
Nucleic Acids
Lipids (fats)
Bio-molecule: Carbohydrates
• A carbohydrate is a bio-molecule with a ratio of two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every
carbon atom.
The sub-unit (building blocks) of carbohydrates
are single sugars, called monosaccharides.
Bio-molecule: Carbohydrates
• Carbs range from small sugar molecules to
long starch molecules we consume in pasta and
potatoes.
They are a key source of energy
found in most foods — especially fruits,
vegetables, and grains
GLUCOSE
Glucose is the simple sugar that plants make during photosynthesis.
Plants use glucose: As an energy reserve until they need it
To grow taller and bigger
To create products such as plant hormone.
Animals use glucose: As an energy reserve until we need it
For energy
It is known as our “blood sugar”
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
chitin (insect exoskeleton)
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
cellulose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
Bio-molecule: Proteins
• A protein is a large, complex polymer composed of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes
sulfur.
Bio-molecule: Proteins
• The basic sub-unit (building blocks) of proteins are
called amino acids.
• There are about 20 common amino acids that can
make literally thousands of different kinds of proteins.
Bio-molecule: Proteins
There are tens of thousands of different
kinds of proteins, but they are classified into
five groups:
• STRUCTURAL
• STORAGE
• TRANSPORT
• DEFENSIVE
• ENZYMES
Bio-molecule: Proteins
• Enzymes are proteins found in living things
that put things together for your body OR break
them apart for your body.
• They speed the
reactions in digestion of
food.
(In other words, helps out
with our metabolism)
Salivary Amylase is an example of
an enzyme found in your saliva
that helps break down
carbohydrates.
Question 1
A __________ is a biomolecule composed of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a 1:2:1 ratio
of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon.
A. carbohydrate
C. protein
B. lipid
D. fatty acid
Answer:
The answer is A.
Lipids are made mostly of carbon and
hydrogen, and proteins contain nitrogen in
addition to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Question 2
In which type of bio-molecule can give you
energy, but also contains nitrogen?
A. carbohydrate
C. protein
B. lipid
D. fatty acid
Question 3
Describe an enzyme and its function.
Answer:
An enzyme is a protein that enables other
molecules to undergo chemical changes to form
new products. Enzymes increase the speed of
reactions that would otherwise proceed too
slowly.
Substrate
Active
site
Bio-molecule: Lipids
• Lipids are large biomolecules that are insoluble
(cannot dissolve) in water.
• (Examples: fats, oils, waxes, steroids)
• They are diverse in structure and function, but all
are insoluble.
Bio-molecule: Lipids
• Lipids are insoluble because part of these molecule’s
structure is Hydrophobic OR repels water molecules.
Fats are lipids that
store energy.
Some lipids make up
the membrane that
wraps around our
cells.
Sub-units
Fatty acid chains
Fats and oils are made of fatty acids chains linked to
a molecule of glycerol.
Bio-molecule: Lipids
• A fatty acid is a long chain of carbon and hydrogen.
• Glycerol is an alcohol molecule.
Types of fatty acid chains:
•Saturated Fatty Acids (Animal Fat, Lard, Solid at Room Temp)
No double bonds- Bad Fat
•Unsaturated Fatty Acid (Fish, Plants, Liquid at Room Temp)
Double bonds- Good Fat
Mono-unsaturated
Poly-unsaturated
Bio-molecule: Lipids
• Steroids are structured in rings- but still a part of the
lipid family
• Examples: Cholesterol, Estrogen, and Testosterone.
Bio-molecule: Nucleic Acids
• A nucleic acid is a complex biomolecule that
stores cellular information in the form of a code.
(They provide directions for building proteins)
Bio-molecule: Nucleic Acids
There are two main types of nucleic acids:
•DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Master code of an organism’s information
•RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Helps make proteins by making
copies of the DNA code.
Bio-molecule: Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids are large molecules made of
smaller subunits called nucleotides.
Bio-molecule: Nucleic Acids
Interestingly, some nucleotides can perform important
actions as individual molecules.
The most common is ATP.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is the primary energy
provider of all cellular actions.
Energy is stored in the bonds between the phosphates.
What is atp?
Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP is the high-energy
molecule that stores
the energy we need to
do just about
everything we do.