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Biology Bio-Molecules Exam Study Guide
This review does not contain the questions on the test. This review contains the information you should understand in order to apply your
knowledge to the up-coming test questions. This knowledge should have been obtained from the activities, labs, lessons, and formative
assessments from this unit of study. If you are having trouble understanding any of this information, it is your responsibility to attend tutorials
from one of the Biology teachers before your summative exam.
1. Explain the pH scale below.
(Also label on the pH scale where you would find ‘very acidic’, ‘very basic/alkaline’, and ‘neutral’) a pH of 0 is VERY
ACIDIC, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 14 is very BASIC
2. Which biomolecules form polymers: Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
3. You will be expected to recognize a visual of each Bio-Molecule. For each of the molecule pictures below, label the type
of Bio-Molecule AND explain WHY it belongs to that particular type of Bio-Molecule group.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A: Amino Acid
B: Carbohydrate
C: Nucleotide
D: Lipid (Saturated Fat)
4. For each Bio-molecule below, give the monomer/subunit/components of the molecule:
-carbohydrates: monosaccharides (Glucose, mainly!)
-proteins: Amino Acids
-lipids: Triglycerides, steroids, phospholipids
-nucleic acids: Nucleotides (Phosphate group, nitrogen base, 5 carbon pentose sugar)
5. Name the Bio-Molecule associated with each item below:
-hydrophobic (repels water): Lipids
-made entirely of sugar molecules: carbohydrates
-contains a phosphate group: nucleic acids
-polypeptides: amino acids
6. What is the chemical formula for water? H2O . Is water considered organic? (YES OR NO). Why? To be organic, a
substance needs to contain carbon. Water does not contain carbon!
7. Enzymes are specialized proteins that help catalyze reactions. What two things can affect enzyme function? Temperature
and pH.
8. Using the picture to the right, explain how an enzyme works.
(Define ‘substrate’ and ‘active site’ in this explanation.)
A substrate binds to an enzyme through a process called induced fit. The substrate binds
At the active site. This is where a chemical reaction will occur
9. Identify the elements found in each of the biomolecules:
a. carbohydrates: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
b. Lipids: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
c. Proteins: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
d. Nucleic Acids: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous
10. What makes the different enzymes in living things ‘molecule specific’?
The enzymes in living things can only work if the substrate has a complementary shape to the enzyme (Like how a key
works in a lock)
11. What are the five main functions of proteins? Give an example of each:
Structure, Support, Defense, Enzymes,
12. What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?
Phosphate group, nitrogen base, pentose sugar
13. What element do nucleic acids and proteins contain that carbs and lipids do not?
Phosphorous
14. Explain how energy is released from an ATP molecule.
In order to release energy, bonds must be broken between
Atoms. This breaking releases energy!
15. Lipids and carbohydrates both contain energy. Which
Contains more energy on a calorie for calorie basis?
Lipids. They are used for long term energy storage
16. Starch is to plants as glycogen is to animals
17. Which biomolecule is found in a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O? Carbohydrates
18. What does the shape of a molecule determine? It’s function
19. What are the four degrees of protein structure and what do each of them have as their structure?
Primary: Sequence of amino acids
Secondary: Helix and folds
Tertiary: 3D shape
Quaternary: Polypeptide chains (Long chains of amino acids bonded together)
Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis with hydrolysis:
Dehydration synthesis occurs when a water molecule is removed between two monomers (single units) of a biomolecule.
The removal bonds the two monomers and makes a polymer. This builds complexity.
Hydrolysis is the reverse. It adds a water molecule back into the polymer, breaking the polymer back into its constituent
monomers.
TEKS tested:
9: The student knows the significance of various molecules involved in metabolic processes and energy conversions that occur in living organisms.
The student is expected to:
A: compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids
C: identify and investigate the role of enzymes
D: analyze and evaluate the evidence regarding formation of simple organic molecules and their organization into long
complex molecules having information such as the DNA molecule for self-replicating life.