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Chapter 3: Organic Molecules and life I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry A. “Organic” = I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon (C ) I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon * Is water organic? I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon B. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon B. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds C. Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to C I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon B. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds C. Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to C The carbons are often bound to each other, with Hs bound to each carbon I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon B. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds C. Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to C, and often contain O I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon B. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds C. Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to C, and often contain O D. Organic molecules are abbreviated in drawings I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon B. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds C. Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to C, and often contain O D. Organic molecules are abbreviated in drawings E. Organic molecules often contain functional groups III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides: CH2O • Monosaccharides III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the common dietary monosaccharides Individual cells are able to harness the energy in monosaccharides and use it to do work (ex, muscle cell contraction) III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the common dietary monosaccharides Two monosaccharides can bond to form: III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the common dietary monosaccharides Two monosaccharides can bond to form: 2. Disaccharides III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the common dietary monosaccharides Two monosaccharides can bond to form: 2. Disaccharides *Many monosaccharides can bond in a chain to form: III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the common dietary monosaccharides Two monosaccharides can bond to form: 2. Disaccharides *Many monosaccharides can bond in a chain to form: 3. Polysaccharides III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides- chains of monosaccharides. Cells build polysaccharides to either store energy or III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides- chains of monosaccharides. Cells build polysaccharides to either store energy or use them for structure III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides a. Starch- plant storage of glucose III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides a. Starch- plant storage of glucose b. Glycogen- animal storage of glucose III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides a. Starch- plant storage of glucose b. Glycogen- animal storage of glucose c. Cellulose- major structural component of plant cell walls III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic- cells use lipids both for energy and structure/function. III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic 1. Lipids that are or contain fatty acids III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic 1. Lipids that are or contain fatty acids a. Fatty acids III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic 1. Lipids that are or contain fatty acids a. Fatty acids b. Triglycerides- the way fatty acids are stored III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic 1. Lipids that are or contain fatty acids a. Fatty acids b. Triglycerides- the way fatty acids are stored c. Phospholipids- the major structural component of cell membranes III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic 1. Lipids that are or contain fatty acids 2. Steroids III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic C. Proteins- cells use mostly for structure and function, but can use for energy III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic C. Proteins 1. Some example functions III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic C. Proteins 1. Some example functions a. Structure: ex, keratin, collagen III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic C. Proteins 1. Some example functions a. Structure: ex, keratin, collagen b. Immune function in vertebrates: ex, antibodies III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic C. Proteins 1. Some example functions a. Structure: ex, keratin, collagen b. Immune function in vertebrates: ex, antibodies c. Transport of substances through the blood: ex, hemoglobin, proteins that carry fat-soluble vitamins III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic C. Proteins 1. Some example functions a. Structure: ex, keratin, collagen b. Immune function in vertebrates: ex, antibodies c. Transport of substances through the blood: ex, hemoglobin, proteins that carry fat-soluble vitamins d. Enzymes: drive the reactions that sustain life, ex. Digestive enzymes III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic C. Proteins 1. Some example functions a. Structure: ex, keratin, collagen b. Immune function in vertebrates: ex, antibodies c. Transport of substances through the blood: ex, hemoglobin, proteins that carry fat-soluble vitamins d. Enzymes: drive the reactions that sustain life, ex. Digestive enzymes e. Movement: ex, contractile proteins in muscle cells III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic C. Proteins 1. Some example functions 2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic C. Proteins 1. Some example functions 2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids 3. Protein shape III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic C. Proteins 1. Some example functions 2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids 3. Protein shape a. They are 3-dimensional III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic C. Proteins 1. Some example functions 2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids 3. Protein shape a. They are 3-dimensional, each protein’s function depends on its shape III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic C. Proteins 1. Some example functions 2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids 3. Protein shape a. They are 3-dimensional, each protein’s function depends on its shape, each protein’s shape is determined by its specific sequence of amino acids III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic C. Proteins 1. Some example functions 2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids 3. Protein shape a. They are 3-dimensional, each protein’s function depends on its shape, each protein’s shape is determined by its specific sequence of amino acids * Is the sequence of amino acids important to a protein’s function? III. Major Biological Molecules A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic C. Proteins 1. Some example functions 2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids 3. Protein shape a. They are 3-dimensional, each protein’s function depends on its shape, each protein’s shape is determined by its specific sequence of amino acids b. Patterns of protein folding Amino acids bond one-by-one to form • The primary structure of a protein III. Major Biological Molecules A. B. C. D. Carbohydrates Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic Proteins Nucleic Acids- DNA & RNA 1. Made of monomers called nucleotides III. Major Biological Molecules A. B. C. D. Carbohydrates Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic Proteins Nucleic Acids- DNA & RNA 1. Made of monomers called nucleotides; The nucleotides are made of phosphate (PO4), a monosaccharide (deoxyribose or ribose), and a nitrogenous base. 2. There are four nitrogenous bases used by DNA: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine ( C ). III. Major Biological Molecules A. B. C. D. Carbohydrates Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic Proteins Nucleic Acids- DNA & RNA 1. Made of monomers called nucleotides; The nucleotides are made of phosphate (PO4), a monosaccharide, and a nitrogenous base. 2. There are four nitrogenous bases used by DNA: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine ( C ). RNA uses one called Uracil (U) rather than thymine. A. B. C. D. III. Major Biological Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic Proteins Nucleic Acids- DNA & RNA 1. Made of monomers called nucleotides; The nucleotides are made of phosphate (PO4), a monosaccharide, and a nitrogenous base. 2. There are four nitrogenous bases used by DNA: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine ( C ). RNA uses one called Uracil (U) rather than thymine. 3. RNA is a single strand, while DNA is made of 2 separate strands. They stick together by H-bonding between the N-bases.