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Transcription and Translation Flip Book Your Name Your Class Period Transcription Flap Definition of Transcription RNA is made • The process by which ______ DNA from part of the ______ sequence that codes for a protein (gene) • Transcription is taking the original (master) blueprint DNA and making a _______ in copies the form of RNA • This RNA blueprint will be used to proteins assemble _________ Transcription Flap Steps of Transcription 1. An ______, enzyme RNA polymerase unzips the DNA molecule at the region of the gene that is being transcribed DNA 2. Free _____________ form base RNA nucleotides A pairs with their complementary T nucleotides on the DNA strand C DNA 3. mRNA threads away and the _____ G strand rejoins nucleus and goes 4. mRNA leaves the _______ ribosome to the cytoplasm (__________) RNA U A G C Transcription Flap • A Codon is a group of 3 nucleotides in amino acid mRNA that specifies an ___________ (building blocks of protein) codon • Think of the ______ as the drawings on the blueprint for the genetic code Translation Flap Definition of Translation mRNA • Use the codon of _______ to specify the protein sequence of amino acids to build a _____ • It is time for the Blueprint (DNA-mRNA) to be read mRNA is sent to the • The Blueprint (______) ribosome construction site (________) Translation Flap Steps of Translation mRNA 1. ______ arrives at the Ribosome Codon Anti-codon anti-codons 2. tRNA __________ are mRNA tRNA complementary to the mRNA A U U A condon ________ G C 3. tRNA picks up an __________ amino acid tRNA delivers the amino acid to the 4. _____ ribosome ___________ 5. Amino acids are assembled into proteins polypeptide chains, to form ______, held together with peptide bonds -+ When the mRNA is first transcribed, there are long nucleotides sequences of ___________ that are not required for the synthesis of the protein called _____. The DNA sequences that code for the introns exons protein are known as ______. Introns are edited out (cut out) of the mRNA before it leaves the nucleus and the remaining ______ exons are spliced together to form the final mRNA Top of Mutation Flap GENETIC MUTATIONS (pp. 307-308) change in the DNA sequence A mutation is________________________. Although many mutations are harmful, some mutations are silent beneficial _________, and others may be very ____________ to an organism. There are two categories of mutations: A. Chromosomal Mutations A chromosomal mutation involves a change in the structure ______________ of the entire chromosome or a change number in the total ____________ of chromosomes. Does not genes alter individual ________. These errors generally occur mitosis meiosis during _____________ or ____________. Chromosomal Mutations Bottom of Mutation Flap Gene Mutations A gene mutation is a change in one gene on an individual chromosome. This may nucleotide result in a change in only one _________ or many nucleotides making up that gene might be altered. The incidence of gene mutations is relatively low due to the enzymes proofread action of _________ that _________ the replication DNA sequence after __________.There are two types of gene mutations: Bottom of Mutation Flap 1. Point Mutations – This is a change in one or just a few nucleotides but the total number of nucleotides in the ___________, gene is not changed. This might have no effect, or change one amino acid. Therefore, the resulting protein may or may not be altered. ________ addition 2. Frameshift Mutations – This involves the __________ deletion nucleotide or __________ of a ____________. When a nucleotide is inserted or deleted, this shifts the reading of the codons therefore, the ___________ translation remainder of the ________; of the remainder of the mRNA is altered. This will usually result in tremendous changes in the _______________ chain and completed protein. amino acid Gene Mutations