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DNA and Transcription Tutorial Place your keyboard aside. Only use the mouse. Genes and DNA DNA can be divided into segments called genes. It is estimated that human DNA is composed of ~25,000 genes among its 46 total chromosomes. Quick Review. What is the monomer of a protein? monosaccharide amino acid nucleotides fatty acid Monosaccharides link to create a carbohydrate. Fatty acids link to create a lipid. Nucleotides link to create a nucleic acid. Genes Genes (small sections of DNA) are blueprints to make proteins for use throughout the body. Genes are found inside the nucleus of cells, but proteins are created outside of the nucleus. Quick review. Which organelle creates proteins? mitochondria chloroplast lysosome ribosome Mitochondria creates ATP energy. Lysosomes destroy microorganisms. Chloroplasts create sugar by photosynthesis. Meet Melissa Melissa is an architect and has designed a new high-rise apartment complex. The construction blueprint holds the information needed to create the high-rise apartment complex. A gene is like the construction blueprints. The gene holds the information needed to make a protein. Quick Review. Which cells contain the diploid chromosome number? Nerve cells Egg cells Sperm cells All cells Sex cells are always haploid. Non-sex cells are always diploid. Transcription The DNA undergoes a process called transcription. Transcription is the process where the DNA code of a gene is used to make a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA). Examine the picture. The red letters are DNA nucleotides. The green letters are mRNA being created. Notice how mRNA nucleotides are attaching to the DNA sequence. Quick review: Where is DNA stored? Cytoplasm Nucleus Vesicle Vacuole The cytoplasm is the liquid portion inside the cell. Most parts float in it…but not the DNA. Vesicles usually contain and transport proteins around the cell. Vacuoles store food and water molecules. Transcription (continued) Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together. T A C A G G T A T G T C C A Key Nitrogen base sugar phosphate Transcription (continued) Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together. One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain. T A C A G G T A T G T C C A RNA polymerase Key Nitrogen base sugar phosphate Transcription (continued) Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together. One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain. T A C A G G T T G T C C A RNA polymerase A Key Nitrogen base sugar phosphate Transcription (continued) Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together. One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain. T A C A G G T G T C C A RNA polymerase A T Key Nitrogen base sugar phosphate Transcription (continued) Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together. One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain. T A C A G G T T C C A RNA polymerase A T G Key Nitrogen base sugar phosphate Transcription (continued) Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together. One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain. T A C A G G T C C A RNA polymerase A T G T Key Nitrogen base sugar phosphate Transcription (continued) Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together. One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain. T A C A G G T C A RNA polymerase A T G T C Key Nitrogen base sugar phosphate Transcription (continued) Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together. One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain. T A C A G G T RNA polymerase A A T G T C C Key Nitrogen base sugar phosphate Transcription (continued) Now that the DNA has been separated, free-floating mRNA nucleotides bond to the now open DNA nucleotides. T A C A G G T RNA polymerase A T G T C C A Transcription Rules Now that the DNA has been separated, free-floating mRNA nucleotides bond to the now open DNA nucleotides. When performing transcription, remember the table below. DNA mRNA A U T A C G G C Predicting Transcription Use the transcription table to predict which mRNA nucleotide will match the DNA nucleotide. T A C A G G T C C T A A U Click one C G A T G A Predicting Transcription Use the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will match the DNA nucleotide. T A A U A C A G G T C C T U Click one C A G T G A Predicting Transcription Use the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will match the DNA nucleotide. T A C A U G A A G G T C C T U Click one C A T G G A Predicting Transcription Use the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will match the DNA nucleotide. T A C A A U G U A G G C C T U Click one C A T G G T A Predicting Transcription Use the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will match the DNA nucleotide. T A C A G A U G U C A G T U Click one C A T G T G C C A Predicting Transcription Use the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will match the DNA nucleotide. T A C A G G A U G U C C A T U Click one C A T G T C G C A Predicting Transcription Use the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will match the DNA nucleotide. T A C A G G T A U G U C C A A U Click one C A T G T C C G A Predicting Transcription Now that the mRNA is complete, it will detach from the DNA… Exit the nucleus… And then hook up with a ribosome. T A C A G G T A U G U C C A A T G T C C A Predicting Transcription Now that the mRNA is complete, it will detach from the DNA… Exit the nucleus… And then hook up with a ribosome. T A C A G G T A U G U C C A A T G T C C A Fate of the DNA? Once the mRNA breaks away, the DNA will recombine. T A A T C G A G G T C C T A Fate of the DNA? Once the mRNA breaks away, the DNA will recombine. T A A T C G A G G T C C T A The final stage. Remember Melissa? Her blueprint for the apartment complex needs to be copied and then taken to the construction site. In this analogy, Melissa would fax the blueprints over to the construction site. The fax would be the mRNA. The construction site is the ribosome. Now that a copy of the blueprint has arrived, the construction team can begin to build the apartment complex. In a cell, now that the mRNA has arrived, the ribosome has the instructions to begin to make a protein. The final stage. A U G U C C A ribosome mRNA makes a copy of the DNA… the mRNA exits the nucleus… the mRNA links up with a ribosome. Once at the ribosome, the process called translation will begin. Translation is the process where a ribosome builds a protein. The details of translation will be discussed another day. For now, let’s review. Final Review #1 What will eventually be created by the DNA code of a gene? ribosome protein nucleolus Ribosomes create proteins. The nucleolus makes ribosomes. Final Review #2 RNA polymerase separates DNA at the start of which process? transcription translation replication Translation is the process which creates proteins. Replication is the process which copies DNA. Final Review #3 RNA polymerase is a type of which organic molecule? Nucleic acid carbohydrate lipid enzyme Monomer Polymer Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Polysaccharide Lipid Fatty acid Lipid Protein Amino acid Protein Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Nucleic acid Review the table. Final Review #4 Which shows the process of transcription done properly? Key Black = DNA Red = mRNA DNA mRNA A U T A C G G C Remember, the transcription table? Final Review #5 After exiting the nucleus, where will the finished mRNA travel? mitochondria ribosome nucleolus mRNA does not travel to a ribosome. The nucleolus is inside the nucleus. This can’t be the answer. Final Review #6 Once arriving at the ribosome, which process will begin next? replication transcription translation Replication makes a copy of DNA. It takes place inside the nucleus. Transcription creates mRNA from DNA. It takes place inside the nucleus. I hope this tutorial was helpful. This will be posted on my website for you to review at any time. Turn in your handout. Feel free to start over if you would like to do some review. DNA mRNA A U T A C G G C Review the transcription table and click the return button below. DNA mRNA A U T A C G G C Review the transcription table and click the return button below. DNA mRNA A U T A C G G C Review the transcription table and click the return button below. DNA mRNA A U T A C G G C Review the transcription table and click the return button below. DNA mRNA A U T A C G G C Review the transcription table and click the return button below. DNA mRNA A U T A C G G C Review the transcription table and click the return button below. DNA mRNA A U T A C G G C Review the transcription table and click the return button below.