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Welcome to Class! 10-30 and 10-1 Complete the following: Biomolecules 2-D Lab due New entry “Role of Enzymes and Factors affect Enzymes” Agenda Lecture notes on Enzymes Concept Maps Homefun: Study for your test on Monday Oct 5 and Tuesday Oct 6 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chemical Reactions A chemical reaction changes one set of chemicals into another. reactants product reactant products Energy in Reactions Chemical reactions that release energy occur spontaneously. Chemical reactions that absorb energy require a source of energy. Which reaction occurs spontaneously? Activation Energy Activation Energy Enzymes Enzymes lower activation energy and speed up chemical reactions in cells. Enzymes in the Body Carbonic anhydrase speeds up this reaction by a factor of 10 million. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex Substrates Product Active Site The active site of the enzyme and the substrate have complimentary shapes. Substrate Enzyme Active Site The active site of the enzyme and the substrate have complimentary shapes. Enzyme! The Play Develop a short play or demonstration that illustrates how enzymes catalyze reactions. Flow of energy through life • s2 Life is built on chemical reactions s3 Chemical reactions of life • Processes of life – building molecules • – synthesis breaking down molecules • digestion + + Nothing works without enzymes! • How important are enzymes? – all chemical reactions in living organisms require enzymes to work • building molecules – synthesis enzymes • breaking down molecules enzyme – digestive enzymes – enzymes speed up reactions We can’t live without enzymes! + enzyme + s4 Enzymes are proteins • Each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction – each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the job – enzymes are named for the reaction they help • sucrase breaks down sucrose • proteases breakdown proteins • lipases breakdown lipids • DNA polymerase builds DNA Oh, I get it! They end in -ase s6 Enzymes aren’t used up • Enzymes are not changed by the reaction – used only temporarily – re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules – very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions substrate active site product enzyme Enzyme vocabulary • Enzyme – helper molecule • Substrate – molecule that enzymes work on • Enzyme-substrate complex – enzyme & molecule temporarily joined • Active site – part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into s10 What affects enzyme action • Correct protein structure – correct order of amino acids – why? enzyme has to be right shape • Temperature – why? enzyme has to be right shape • pH (acids & bases) – why? enzyme has to be right shape Metabolic A enzyme 1 B Notice that C can produce either D or F. This substrate has two different enzymes Pathways that work on it. enzyme 2 C enzyme 3 enzyme 5 Enzymes are very specific. In this case enzyme 1 will catalyze the conversion of A to B only. 19 D F enzyme 4 E An anabolic reaction Energy Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions ATP ADP + Pi Energy A catabolic reaction Menu More about Enzymes: What Affects Enzymes Regents Biology What affects how well an enzyme works? • Correct protein structure – correct order of amino acids – why? enzyme has to be right shape • Temperature – why? enzyme has to be right shape • pH – why? enzyme has to be right shape Enzyme concentration • Effect on rates of enzyme activity – as increase amount of enzyme = increases how fast the reaction happens • more enzymes = more frequently they collide with substrate Enzyme concentration reaction rate What’s happening here?! amount of enzyme Substrate concentration reaction rate What’s happening here?! amount of substrate s17 Temperature reaction rate What’s happening here?! 37° temperature Temperature • Effect on rates of enzyme activity – Optimum temperature • greatest number of collisions between enzyme & substrate • human enzymes = 35°- 40°C (body temp = 37°C) – Raise temperature • denature protein = unfold = lose shape – Lower temperature T° • molecules move slower • decrease collisions s19 pH intestines trypsin What’s happening here?! reaction rate stomach pepsin 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 pH 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pH • Effect on rates of enzyme activity – pH changes protein shape – most human enzymes = pH 6-8 • depends on where in body • pepsin (stomach) = pH 3 • trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8 s21 For enzymes… What matters? SHAPE! Regents Biology