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Molecules of Life
Organic Compounds: Molecules containing
the element of carbon and at least one hydrogen
atom.
•Chemistry of Carbon Atoms
•Carbon atoms form chains
•Carbon chains are backbone for molecules of life
Functional Groups: particular atoms or
clusters of atoms covalently bonded to carbon.
Organic Molecules
Contain Carbon
and often hydrogen, oxygen, and other atoms
Everything here is organic
…..oops except for the bottle
Biologically Important Organic Molecules
Hydrocarbons – C, H
Carbohydrates – C, H, O
Proteins – C, H, O, N, S
Lipids – C, H, O
Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, P
Hydrocarbons contain
carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)
H
Hydrogen atom
C
Carbon atom
H
CH4
H
Methane
= simple hydrocarbon
H
C
H
A simple organic
molecule with 1 Carbon
and 4 hydrogen atoms
Energy released when
hydrogen separated from
carbon during burning
Ethane
Examples of
Hydrocarbons
(carbon and
hydrogen)
Propane
Butane
Hydrocarbon
(carbon and
hydrogen)
Gasoline
Diesel – long chain hydroc-c-c-c-c-c-c-carbon
Monomers
Dimers
Polymers
What are monomers?
Monomers = small molecules
linked together to form chains.
What are polymers?
Polymers = monomers linked together in chains .
Poly = many
mer = parts or units
Polymer = many parts linked together
?
Like
monomers
Like a
polymer
Dimer & Polymer formation
(Monomer A)
(Monomer B)
OH
HO
HOH
(Monomer
A)
Monomer A
Dehydration
(removal of water)
synthesis (uniting)
(Monomer B)
O
dimer = two monomers
Biologically
important
organic
compounds
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Contain
Carbon
Proteins
Hydrogen
Lipids
Oxygen
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
= sugar
Ex. Glucose,
Fructose, Galactose
Dissaccharides
Ex. Sucrose
Polysaccharides
Ex. Starch and
Glycogen
(long chains of glucose molecules)
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
CARBOHYDRATES
Function:
quick energy
structural support
Characteristics:
H – C – OH
ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms is 2:1
Monomer is the monosaccharide
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
What do these three carbohydrates have in common?
What is different between them?
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Starch is a polymer of
glucose used for storage. It is
found in plants.
Cellulose is a polymer of
glucose - used for storage. It
is found in plants. We cannot
digest cellulose!
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Glycogen is a polymer of
glucose used for storage. It is
found in animals.
Biologically
important
organic
compounds
Carbohydrates
Contain
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Proteins
Nitrogen
Lipids
(Sulfur)
PROTEINS:
Structure and
Function of proteins
controls structure and
function of all life
Proteins
Amino Acids
Dipeptide
Polypeptide
or Protein
These 20 different
amino acids are
analogous to an
alphabet with 20
letters
Each letter can be
put together in
any order, for any
length to form an
infinite number of
proteins (words)
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Proteins
Functions
Structural – bones, muscles, collagen
Enzymes – proteins which speed up chemical
reactions
Transportation – hemoglobin within your red blood
cells transports oxygen to all parts of your body
Protection – antibodies enable you to fight off
infections
MORE MORE MORE!
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Proteins
Characteristics
There are 20 different amino acids based on their R
groups
The R group establish the distinctive properties of
each amino acid
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Proteins
Characteristics
The monomer form is called an an amino acid.
A central or alpha carbon which is connected to the
following:
amino group
carboxylic acid group
hydrogen
R-group
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Proteins
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Proteins
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Proteins
What process do you use to form a peptide bond?
NCC – NCC – NCC- NCC - NCC
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Proteins
Levels of protein structure
Primary - the sequence of amino acids
Secondary – the coiling or folding due to
hydrogen bonds
Tertiary – overall shape of the polypeptide
Quaternary – relationship among multiple
polypeptides of a
protein
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Proteins
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Proteins
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Proteins
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Proteins
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Proteins
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Proteins – example: Hemoglobin
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Proteins
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Proteins
Enzymes are often proteins that speed up chemical
reactions by providing a surface for molecules to
react.
Models of Enzymes
How do enzymes
work???
The Role of the Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Figure 5.5A Jumping-bean
analogy for energy of activation
(EA) and the role of enzymes
ENERGY LEVEL
Enzyme
EA barrier
Reactants
1
Products
2
Progress of reaction or time
Environmental factors affecting enzyme activity
Enzyme B
Rate of reaction
Enzyme A
0
20
40
Temperature (C)
60
80
100
Environmental factors affecting
enzyme activity
Optimal temperature for
enzyme of thermophilic
Optimal temperature for
typical human enzyme
Rate of reaction
(heat-tolerant)
bacteria
0
60
40
20
80
100
Temperature (Cº)
(a) Optimal temperature for two enzymes
Optimal pH for pepsin
(stomach enzyme)
Rate of reaction
Optimal pH
for trypsin
(intestinal
enzyme)
0
1
2
3
4
pH
5
Optimal
two
enzymes
(b) Optimal
pHpH
forfor
two
enzymes
6
7
8
9
10
Biologically
important
organic
compounds
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
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Contain
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
LIPIDS
Function:
long term energy
storage
insulation
protective cushion
forms cell membranes
hormones
Characteristics:
do not dissolve in water
no simple monomer
structure
Types
Fats and Oils
Phospholipids
Steroids
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
LIPIDS – Fats and Oils
Triglyceride
What atoms are these molecules made of? Are
these molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
LIPIDS – Fats and Oils
Triglyceride
What atoms are these molecules made of? Are
these molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
LIPIDS – Triglycerides
Saturated fats – no double bonds exist in the fatty acid
tails
Unsaturated fats – have at least one carbon – carbon
double bond in any of their fatty acid tails
What is the difference between oil and butter?
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
LIPIDS – Triglycerides
Saturated fats – no double bonds exist in the fatty acid
tails
Unsaturated fats – have at least one carbon – carbon
double bond in any of their fatty acid tails
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
LIPIDS – Phosopholipid
Is this hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
The phosopholipid is a critical member of the cell
membrane because it has hydrophobic and hydrophilic
regions.
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
LIPIDS – Phosopholipid
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
LIPIDS – Other Lipids
Steroids are lipids which possess a “ringed”
structure
Cholesterol is a major component of the cell’s plasma
membrane (structural function), but it is also the
precursor for the key hormones testosterone &
estrogen
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
LIPIDS – Other Lipids
Is cholesterol always bad for you?
Sources: Liver and Diet
HDL – High Density Lipoprotein
Carries cholesterol away from the cells and
transports to liver
LDL – Low Density Lipoprotein
Carries cholesterol to the cells where
needed
If there is not enough HDL, then cholesterol does
not get removed from the cells and excess builds
up along the walls of arteries.
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
LIPIDS – Other Lipids
Is cholesterol always bad for you?
Average American: LDL to HDL ratio is 5:1
If you could lower this ratio to 3.5 to 1 you
decrease your chance for heart disease by half!!
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Fatty acid
glycerol
Lipids (fats) =
polymers made
of monomers
called fatty acids
and glycerol
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fat
•
Biologically
important
organic
compounds
Carbohydrates
Contain
Carbon
Hydrogen
Proteins
Nitrogen
Lipids
Oxygen
Nucleic Acids
Phosphate
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Nucleic Acids
Function:
make up genes which store
all of the information
about an organism
energy currency of the cell
Characteristics:
monomer is a nucleotide
5- carbon sugar
phosphate group
1 of 5 nitrogenous bases
(adenine, cytosine, thymine,
guanine, or uracil)
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Nucleic Acids
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Nucleic Acids
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Nucleic Acids
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Nucleic Acids
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Nucleic Acids
A =T
G =C
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Nucleic Acids
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Nucleic Acids
Types of nucleic acids
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
Deoxyribose
Phosphate group
Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
Double-stranded structure (double helix)
RNA – ribonucleic acid
Ribose
Phosphate group
Adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine
Single-stranded linear structure
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
Nucleic Acids
ATP – adenosine triphosphate
Ribose
3 phosphate groups - the terminal or last phosphate
is held on by a high energy but weak bond – when this
bond is broken energy is released
Adenine
RECAP
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
How do monomers become polymers?
Dehydration synthesis – Removal of a water
molecule between two reacting molecules forming a
new covalent bond in the process
Chapter 3
The Molecules of Cells
How do polymers become monomers?
Hydrolysis – Addition of a water molecule to a polymer to
break a bond within a polymer to form the monomers