Download Complex carbohydrates

The Necessities of Life
Water: your body is approximately 70% water. Most
chemical reactions involved in metabolism require water.
However, organisms differ greatly in terms of how much
water they need and how they get it. A human will
survive for about three days without water.
Test question: Why do cells require water?
The Necessities of Life
Air is a mixture of several gases,
including oxygen, nitrogen, and
carbon dioxide. Most living things
use oxygen in the chemical process
that releases energy from food.
Oxygen may come from the air or
may be dissolved in water. Some
insects like this spider have unique
methods of getting oxygen.
Since the spider must breathe air, it traps
a thin layer of air around its body using
the hairs on its abdomen and legs. It also
maintains an air reserve in a "diving bell"
constructed from silk, which it anchors to
an underwater plant.
The Necessities of Life
Green plants, algae, and
some bacteria need carbon
dioxide as well as oxygen.
During photosynthesis
oxygen and carbon dioxide
are used to produce food
and oxygen.
The Necessities of Life
Organisms that can live without oxygen are anaerobic.
Botulinus toxin is produced
by the anerobic bacillus
Clostridium botulinum,
which may be found in
improperly canned food, and
is one of the most potent
toxins known. This toxin (the
agent responsible for
botulism) blocks the release
of vesicles. This, of course,
leads to muscle paralysis
and, if the diaphragm
becomes affected, can be
fatal.
Food
All living things need food. The energy
from food is used to make cells and build
body parts.
Making food: Some organisms, like plants
are producers
Producers: make their own food through
photosynthesis. These plants use the
energy from the sun to make food.
Taking Food: Consumers must eat other
organisms, such as plants or animals, to
get food.
Consumer:
prairie dogs eat
seeds and grass
Sunlight is the
source of energy
for almost all
living things
Producer: plants use the
energy from the sun to make
food.
Decomposers
eat the waste
of consumers.
Coyotes and
hawks eat prairie
dogs
Turkey
vultures eat
what is left
by the
predators
Breaking Down Nutrients
All living things need to break down
food in order to use the nutrients
contained in the food. Nutrients are
made of molecules.
Molecule: is a substance made when
two or more atoms join together.
Compounds: molecules made of
different kinds of atoms.
Molecules found in living things are
most often combinations of six
elements: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. These
elements join together to form
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, ATP,
and nucleic acids.
Water Molecules
Polymer
Compound
Proteins
Proteins are large molecules that
are made up of smaller
molecules called amino acids.
Living things break down proteins
in food to supply their cells with
amino acids. The amino acids
then combine to form new
proteins.
Some proteins have more than
10,000 amino acids, some have
only a few.
Proteins
In the above comparison of proteins from apples (left) and celery (right) to that
from birch pollen, red areas show where surface structure has been conserved
across the proteins. Given these two proteins' relative structural similarity to that
of birch pollen, people allergic to birch pollen are more likely to also be allergic to
apples than to celery.
Proteins
Proteins have many functions. Some form
structures. Spider webs, hair, and feathers are all
made from proteins. Other proteins help cells do
their job.
Test Question: What
function do enzymes in
cells serve?
Proteins
Inside red blood cells, the
hemoglobin binds oxygen
and delivers it throughout
the body. Some proteins
protect cells.
Other proteins, called
enzymes, start or speed up
chemical reactions in cells.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates: molecules made of sugars.
There are two types of carbohydrates:
1.
Simple carbohydrates: made up of on e sugar
molecule or a few sugar molecules.
2.
Complex carbohydrates: are made op of
hundreds of sugar molecules linked together.
Plants, such as the potato plant store extra sugar as
starch. When potato's are consumed your
body breaks down this complex carbohydrate
to free the energy stored in the food.
Complex Carbohydrates
Lipids
Lipids are molecules that
cannot mix with water. Some
lipids store energy, while others
from the membranes of cells.
Phospholipids: are molecules
that form much of the cell
membrane. The head of the
phospholipids molecule is
attracted to water. The tail is
not.
Lipids
Phospholipids: are molecules that form much of the cell
membrane. The head of the phospholipids molecule
is attracted to water. The tail is not.
Fats and Oils
Fats and oils are lipids that store energy. When an organism
has used up most of its carbohydrates, it can get energy from
these lipids. At room temperature, most fats are solids, and
most oils are liquid. Most lipids stored in plants are oils.
Most of the stored lipids in animals are fats.
Adenosine Triphosphate
This molecule is also known as ATP, and is the major energy carrying
molecule of cells. Te energy in carbohydrates and lipids is transferred
to APT to provide fuel for cellular activities.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids serve mostly to store and transmit genetic
information. They are found in all living cells and viruses. The
most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
A DNA molecule is like a
cookbook called, “How to
Make Proteins.” When a
cell needs to make a
certain protein, the cell
gets directions from the
sequence of the
nucleotides in DNA. The
sequence of nucleotides
tells the cell the order in
which the amino acids
must be linked together to
make the protein.