Download BIOCHEMISTRY - Mexico Central School District

Building Blocks
of
BIOCHEMISTRY
CHEMICAL BONDS
• Chemical bonds hold the atoms in a
molecule together.
• There are 2 types of chemical bonds
IONIC and COVALENT
IONIC BONDS
• Occur when 1 or more e- are TRANSFERRED from
one atom to another.
• Losing an e- = POSITIVE charge. Na+
• Gaining an e- = NEGATIVE charge Cl• These newly charged atoms are now called IONS
COVALENT BONDS
• Occur when electrons are SHARED
by atoms.
• These new structures that result from
covalent bonds are called
MOLECULES
SHARING IS CARING!
http://www.visionlearning.com/library/flash_viewer.php?oid=1348&mid=55
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1e-f1W-0UA&feature=related
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp02/02020.html
FORMULA
•
Structural Formula – Line drawings of the
compound that shows the elements in
proportion and how they are bonded
•
Molecular Formula – the ACTUAL formula for
a compound
CHO
2
6
• The cell is a COMPLEX CHEMICAL FACTORY
containing some of the same elements found in
the nonliving environment.
• carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and
nitrogen (N) are present in the greatest
percentages
CHON
TWO TYPES OF COMPOUNDS
•
Organic Compounds- Contain C & H
–
–
•
usually referred to as chemicals of life
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
Inorganic Compounds
–
–
usually "support" life
Water (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
1. CARBOHYDRATES
Function:
• Living things use carbohydrates as their key
source of ENERGY!
• Plants use carbohydrates for support
– CELLULOSE – Cell Wall
CARBOHYDRATES
Structure:
• Carbohydrates (CHO) contain the elements
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• H:O is 2:1 ratio… C6H12O6
CARBOHYDRATES
The building blocks of Carbohydrates
are simple sugars!
3 Types:
–Monosaccharides
–Disaccharides
–Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
• all have the formula C6 H12 O6
• all have a single ring structure
– EX: Glucose
Disaccharides (double sugars)
all have the formula C12 H22 O11
Examples:
• sucrose (table sugar)
• maltose
monomer
monomer
Polysaccharides
Formed of 3 or more simple sugar units
Examples:
– Glycogen - animal starch stored in liver & muscles
– Cellulose - indigestible in humans - forms cell walls
– Starches - used as energy storage
monomer
monomer
monomer
Types of REACTIONS
• Synthesis
+
• Digestion
+
Synthesis:
Carbohydrate
+
Dehydration Synthesis
Digestion:
Carbohydrates
+
Hydrolysis
CARBOHYDRATES
MONOSACCHARIDES
POLYSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES
STARCH
GLUCOSE
MALTOSE
CELLULOSE
GLYCOGEN
2. Lipids (Fats)
Types:
• Fats and Waxes – solids at room temperature
• Oils – liquids at room temperature
Other types:
Phospholipids, Steroids, Cholesterol, some Vitamins
Fats -- found chiefly in animals
Oils and waxes -- found chiefly in plants
Main Function:
energy storage, protection, and insulation
Other Functions:
• key components of cell membranes
• Steroids are special lipids used to build many
reproductive hormones and cholesterol
Lipids (Fats)
Structure:
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• But… the H:O is not in a 2:1 ratio
• Tend to be large molecules
Lipids (Fats)
The building blocks of lipids are:
1. Fatty Acids
2. Glycerol
Dehydration Synthesis:
Lipid
+
Digestion / Hydrolysis:
Lipid
+
3. Proteins
There are MANY functions of proteins…
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Required for building and repair of body tissues
Structural Support: elastin, collagen, and keratin
Energy Source
Nutrient Transport: hemoglobin and cell membrane proteins
Hormones (coordinates bodily activities): insulin
Muscle Contractions (movement): actin and myosin
Antibodies (defense): Ig.E, IgA, and Ig.G
Enzymes (aid in chemical reactions): amylase and proteases
PROTEINS
Structure:
• contain the elements C, H, O, and N
The building blocks of Proteins are Amino
Acids
• There are 20 different varieties!!!
Amino Acids:
methyl group
carboxyl
group
amino
group
R group
R GROUPS ARE GROUPS OF ATOMS
THEY ARE DIFFERENT FOR EACH AMINO ACID
THIS CHANGES THE PROPERTIES OF THE PROTEIN!
Dipeptide
• formed from 2 amino acids in a
dehydration synthesis reaction
Dipeptide Example:
Anserine = in skeletal muscle and
brain of mammals, and birds.
It is an antioxidant and helps reduce
fatigue
amino acid + amino acid → dipeptide
Polypeptide - Proteins
• formed from 3 or more amino acids in a
dehydration synthesis reaction
Amino Acid
Amino Acid
Amino Acid
Amino Acid
Examples: insulin, hemoglobin, and enzymes.
Digestion / Hydrolysis:
Protein
AA
+
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
Polypeptides - Proteins
There are an extremely large number of different
proteins in life!
Protein variety comes from:
• Differences in the number of amino acids in the chain
• Types of amino acids in the chain
• Arrangement of amino acids in the chain
4. NUCLEOTIDES
Function:
• Many Nucleotides make up DNA!
DNA = genetic instructions that direct a cell's structure
and function.
The ribosomes are instructed (by DNA) on which types
of protein a cell will make
DNA is found in the chromosomes of the nucleus (and
a few other organelles)
NUCLEOTIDES
Structure:
THE BUIDLING
BLOCKS OF DNA
ARE
NUCLEOTIDES!
NUCLEOTIDES
1 Nucleotide consist of 3 parts:
Sugar
Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous Base
Nitrogenous Bases in DNA come in 4 varieties!
A
G
C
T