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Building Blocks of BIOCHEMISTRY CHEMICAL BONDS • Chemical bonds hold the atoms in a molecule together. • There are 2 types of chemical bonds IONIC and COVALENT IONIC BONDS • Occur when 1 or more e- are TRANSFERRED from one atom to another. • Losing an e- = POSITIVE charge. Na+ • Gaining an e- = NEGATIVE charge Cl• These newly charged atoms are now called IONS COVALENT BONDS • Occur when electrons are SHARED by atoms. • These new structures that result from covalent bonds are called MOLECULES SHARING IS CARING! http://www.visionlearning.com/library/flash_viewer.php?oid=1348&mid=55 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1e-f1W-0UA&feature=related http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp02/02020.html FORMULA • Structural Formula – Line drawings of the compound that shows the elements in proportion and how they are bonded • Molecular Formula – the ACTUAL formula for a compound CHO 2 6 • The cell is a COMPLEX CHEMICAL FACTORY containing some of the same elements found in the nonliving environment. • carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) are present in the greatest percentages CHON TWO TYPES OF COMPOUNDS • Organic Compounds- Contain C & H – – • usually referred to as chemicals of life Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids Inorganic Compounds – – usually "support" life Water (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 1. CARBOHYDRATES Function: • Living things use carbohydrates as their key source of ENERGY! • Plants use carbohydrates for support – CELLULOSE – Cell Wall CARBOHYDRATES Structure: • Carbohydrates (CHO) contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • H:O is 2:1 ratio… C6H12O6 CARBOHYDRATES The building blocks of Carbohydrates are simple sugars! 3 Types: –Monosaccharides –Disaccharides –Polysaccharides Monosaccharides (simple sugars) • all have the formula C6 H12 O6 • all have a single ring structure – EX: Glucose Disaccharides (double sugars) all have the formula C12 H22 O11 Examples: • sucrose (table sugar) • maltose monomer monomer Polysaccharides Formed of 3 or more simple sugar units Examples: – Glycogen - animal starch stored in liver & muscles – Cellulose - indigestible in humans - forms cell walls – Starches - used as energy storage monomer monomer monomer Types of REACTIONS • Synthesis + • Digestion + Synthesis: Carbohydrate + Dehydration Synthesis Digestion: Carbohydrates + Hydrolysis CARBOHYDRATES MONOSACCHARIDES POLYSACCHARIDES DISACCHARIDES STARCH GLUCOSE MALTOSE CELLULOSE GLYCOGEN 2. Lipids (Fats) Types: • Fats and Waxes – solids at room temperature • Oils – liquids at room temperature Other types: Phospholipids, Steroids, Cholesterol, some Vitamins Fats -- found chiefly in animals Oils and waxes -- found chiefly in plants Main Function: energy storage, protection, and insulation Other Functions: • key components of cell membranes • Steroids are special lipids used to build many reproductive hormones and cholesterol Lipids (Fats) Structure: • Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • But… the H:O is not in a 2:1 ratio • Tend to be large molecules Lipids (Fats) The building blocks of lipids are: 1. Fatty Acids 2. Glycerol Dehydration Synthesis: Lipid + Digestion / Hydrolysis: Lipid + 3. Proteins There are MANY functions of proteins… 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Required for building and repair of body tissues Structural Support: elastin, collagen, and keratin Energy Source Nutrient Transport: hemoglobin and cell membrane proteins Hormones (coordinates bodily activities): insulin Muscle Contractions (movement): actin and myosin Antibodies (defense): Ig.E, IgA, and Ig.G Enzymes (aid in chemical reactions): amylase and proteases PROTEINS Structure: • contain the elements C, H, O, and N The building blocks of Proteins are Amino Acids • There are 20 different varieties!!! Amino Acids: methyl group carboxyl group amino group R group R GROUPS ARE GROUPS OF ATOMS THEY ARE DIFFERENT FOR EACH AMINO ACID THIS CHANGES THE PROPERTIES OF THE PROTEIN! Dipeptide • formed from 2 amino acids in a dehydration synthesis reaction Dipeptide Example: Anserine = in skeletal muscle and brain of mammals, and birds. It is an antioxidant and helps reduce fatigue amino acid + amino acid → dipeptide Polypeptide - Proteins • formed from 3 or more amino acids in a dehydration synthesis reaction Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Examples: insulin, hemoglobin, and enzymes. Digestion / Hydrolysis: Protein AA + AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA Polypeptides - Proteins There are an extremely large number of different proteins in life! Protein variety comes from: • Differences in the number of amino acids in the chain • Types of amino acids in the chain • Arrangement of amino acids in the chain 4. NUCLEOTIDES Function: • Many Nucleotides make up DNA! DNA = genetic instructions that direct a cell's structure and function. The ribosomes are instructed (by DNA) on which types of protein a cell will make DNA is found in the chromosomes of the nucleus (and a few other organelles) NUCLEOTIDES Structure: THE BUIDLING BLOCKS OF DNA ARE NUCLEOTIDES! NUCLEOTIDES 1 Nucleotide consist of 3 parts: Sugar Phosphate Group Nitrogenous Base Nitrogenous Bases in DNA come in 4 varieties! A G C T