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DNA Structure
And
Replication
Protein
Synthesis
Potpourri
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Transformation
Other
And
Biotechnology
Biotechnology
Issues
This is the
complete name
for DNA.
Deoxyribonucleic
Acid
These two
molecules are a part
of a nucleotide and
make up the
backbone of DNA.
Sugar and Phosphate
*The 3 parts of a nucleotide are the
phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar
and a nitrogen containing base.
Thymine is the
complement to this
nitrogenous base.
Adenine
Complementary base pairs are:
Adenine : Thymine
Cytosine : Guanine
When new bases attach to their
complementary pairs on the old
strand of DNA, this replication is
called:
a. conservative
b. semi-conservative
c. independent
Semi-conservative
*1/2 of the “old” strand is conserved
during DNA replication
This molecule connects
the new bases to the old
bases in DNA
replication.
DNA Polymerase
*Helicase unzips the DNA
Ligase connects the nucleotides
DNA contains genes that
code for these
macrocolecules.
Proteins
This process occurs in
the nucleus when
mRNA copies a
strand of DNA.
Transcription
*mRNA is a single-stranded molecule
and takes the “instructions” out of the
nucleus to the cytoplasm.
A codon on mRNA
reads AUG. This codon
is translated to be this
amino acid.
Methionine
*Amino acids are brought to the mRNA
strand by tRNA, whose complementary
base pairs match up with the mRNA.
A DNA strand of
TAC GCG CCT
will have these tRNA bases
associated with it.
UAC GCG CCU
*They only differ by the Uracil
replacing the Thyamine
In the train analogy of protein
synthesis, the train pulling into the
station best describes the beginning
of this process. (hint: mRNA pulling
into the ribosome).
Translation
A mutation occurring at a single
point in the DNA sequence is known
as this type of mutation.
Point Mutation
Point mutations include nucleotide
substitutions, while frameshift
mutations include what DNA
changes.
Deletions and Additions
In order to catch a thief through
genetic evidence, scientists must first
use this process to make enough
extra DNA for analysis.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
These can be used to identify
individuals. They are found through
gel electrophoresis.
DNA Fingerprints
*Different sized fragments of DNA
This characteristic of an agarose gel
provides the perfect environment for
the separation of DNA fragments.
A gel is porous.
Also acceptable: the ability for the gel
to carry an electric current.
Bacteria are prokaryotes and
some have this type of DNA
which makes inserting genes easy
for scientists.
DNA Plasmid
When the plasmid of a bacteria
contains a foreign gene (or a gene of
interest), the DNA plasmid is called
this to be more specific.
Recombinant DNA
These are used to cut DNA into
fragments. This can be used to cut a
gene of interest out of, say,
eukaryotic DNA.
Restriction Enzymes
When bacteria take in a plasmid of
recombinant DNA, the bacteria has
undergone this process.
Transformation
This substance determined the
expression of the pGLO gene in the
transformation lab. (Hint: the
presence of a certain molecule
triggered the gene to turn on and
glow).
Arabinose
*this sugar controlled the gene
expression on the plates.
This scientific technology means to
carry molecules by the way of
electricity.
Electrophoresis
*scientists can use this technology to
prepare DNA fingerprints
During electrophoresis, DNA
fragments move across the gel due to
this property of the DNA.
Negative Charge
*DNA moves from negative to
positive on the agarose gel.
Who’s blood is this?
John
These are unspecialized cells that
have the potential to differentiate
and could be used to replace cells in
the body that could no longer
replicate, like spinal cord injuries.
Stem Cells
Many products lack this label in the
United States. These products
contain ingredients that may have
been raised or grown with their
genetic material altered in some
way.
Genetically Modified Products
* GM Products