Download Metabolic Processes

Metabolic Processes - Part II
Test Review
Part A: True and False
Aerobic cellular respiration requires
that oxygen be present.
A. True
B. False
Aerobic cellular respiration requires
that oxygen be present.
A. True
B. False
Cellular respiration results in the
relatively rapid, uncontrolled release of
energy from a molecule of glucose to
produce ATP for use by cells for
various functions.
A. True
B. False
Cellular respiration results in the
relatively rapid, uncontrolled release of
energy from a molecule of glucose to
produce ATP for use by cells for
various functions.
A. True
B. False- relatively slow controlled
The function of enzymes in a
biochemical pathway is to speed the
reactions up in order to produce
product more efficiently.
A. True
B. False
The function of enzymes in a
biochemical pathway is to speed the
reactions up in order to produce
product more efficiently.
A. True
B. False - control the reactions
Glucose is the initial electron
acceptor.
A. True
B. False
Glucose is the initial electron
acceptor.
A. True
B. False
Krebs cycle is located in the matrix
of the mitochondria.
A. True
B. False
Krebs cycle is located in the matrix
of the mitochondria.
A. True
B. False
The electron transport chain is located
on the inner portion of the cell
membrane.
A. True
B. False
The electron transport chain is located
on the inner portion of the cell
membrane.
A. True
B. False - inner mitochondrial
membrane
When oxygen is scarce in human
muscle tissue, ethanol
fermentation takes place in order
to keep glycolysis running.
A. True
B. False
When oxygen is scarce in human
muscle tissue, ethanol fermentation
takes place in order to keep
glycolysis running.
A. True
B. False - lactic acid fermentation
The ultimate metabolic waste
product from the metabolism of
proteins is ammonia.
A. True
B. False
The ultimate metabolic waste
product from the metabolism of
proteins is ammonia.
A. True
B. False
Fatty acids need to be metabolized
to pyruvate before they can enter
Krebs cycle.
A. True
B. False
Fatty acids need to be metabolized
to pyruvate before they can enter
Krebs cycle.
A. True
B. False - acetly-CoA
In the absence of oxygen, human
muscle cells convert pyruvate to
lactate in order to keep resupplying
glycolysis with NAD+.
A. True
B. False
In the absence of oxygen, human
muscle cells convert pyruvate to
lactate in order to keep resupplying
glycolysis with NAD+.
A. True
B. False
Through ethanol fermentation,
yeast are able to metabolize
glucose to ethanol and produce
distilled spirits of around 40%
alcohol directly.
A. True
B. False
Through ethanol fermentation,
yeast are able to metabolize
glucose to ethanol and produce
distilled spirits of around 40%
alcohol directly.
A. True
B. False - 12% alcohol directly
Part B: Multiple Choice
Which of the following processes most
likely does not involve anaerobic
conditions?
a. yeast causing bread dough to rise
b. bacteria working in an aeration tank
at a sewage plant
c. bacteria in the soil help in
composting
d. alcohol is produced in fermentation
e. sewage breaks down in a septic
tank
Which of the following processes most
likely does not involve anaerobic
conditions?
a. yeast causing bread dough to rise
b. bacteria working in an aeration
tank at a sewage plant
c. bacteria in the soil help in
composting
d. alcohol is produced in fermentation
e. sewage breaks down in a septic
tank
Which of the following would you
expect yeast cells to be able to use
for anaerobic respiration?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
maltose
fructose
sucrose
glucose
all of the above
Which of the following would you
expect yeast cells to be able to use
for anaerobic respiration?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
maltose
fructose
sucrose
glucose
all of the above
In which of the following situations would you
least expect to find anaerobic respiration
occurring?
a.
a vat in which beer is being
manufactured
b.
a human brain engaged in writing this
test
c.
the inside of a bacterium living inside a
human intestine
d.
a runner's leg muscle during a 400m
dash
e.
the sediments at the bottom of a pond
In which of the following situations would you
least expect to find anaerobic respiration
occurring?
a.
a vat in which beer is being
manufactured
b.
a human brain engaged in writing this
test
c.
the inside of a bacterium living inside a
human intestine
d.
a runner's leg muscle during a 400m
dash
e.
the sediments at the bottom of a pond
During aerobic cellular respiration,
which of the following is the most
common type of reaction to take place
in the cell?
a. hydrolysis
b. condensation
c. neutralization
d. redox
e. dehydration
During aerobic cellular respiration,
which of the following is the most
common type of reaction to take place
in the cell?
a. hydrolysis
b. condensation
c. neutralization
d. redox
e. dehydration
The reactants in cellular respiration, glucose, and
oxygen are stable compounds. How do these
substances react?
a.
the activation energy is reduced by a higher
pressure inside the cell
b.
the activation energy is reduced by a higher
temperature inside the mitochondrion
c.
the activation energy is reduced by
enzymes
d.
the activation energy is reduced by
inorganic catalysts
e.
none of the above
The reactants in cellular respiration, glucose, and
oxygen are stable compounds. How do these
substances react?
a.
the activation energy is reduced by a higher
pressure inside the cell
b.
the activation energy is reduced by a higher
temperature inside the mitochondrion
c.
the activation energy is reduced by
enzymes
d.
the activation energy is reduced by
inorganic catalysts
e.
none of the above
Glycolysis can best be described as
which of the following kinds of
pathways?
a. catabolic and synthetic
b. glycolytic and aerobic
c. aerobic and catabolic
d. anaerobic and catabolic
e. anaerobic and anabolic
Glycolysis can best be described as
which of the following kinds of
pathways?
a. catabolic and synthetic
b. glycolytic and aerobic
c. aerobic and catabolic
d. anaerobic and catabolic
e. anaerobic and anabolic
What is the function of water in
oxidative phosphorylation?
a. accept electrons during Krebs
cycle
b. hydrolyze carbohydrates
c. add hydrogen ions to pyruvate
at the end of glycolysis
d. supply hydrogen ions
e. supply electrons for the
reduction of NADP
What is the function of water in
oxidative phosphorylation?
a. accept electrons during Krebs
cycle
b. hydrolyze carbohydrates
c. add hydrogen ions to pyruvate
at the end of glycolysis
d. supply hydrogen ions
e. supply electrons for the
reduction of NADP
Where in the electron transport chain does
the energy come from for the synthesis of
ATP?
a. the combination of hydrogen ions,
electrons, and oxygen to form water
b. the breakdown of water
c. the cytochromes
d. an electrochemical gradient across the
inner mitochondrial membrane
e. oxygen
Where in the electron transport chain does
the energy come from for the synthesis of
ATP?
a. the combination of hydrogen ions,
electrons, and oxygen to form water
b. the breakdown of water
c. the cytochromes
d. an electrochemical gradient across
the inner mitochondrial membrane
e. oxygen
At the end of the electron transport
chain, the final product is which of
the following?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
cytochrome oxidase
pyruvate
co-enzyme A
ATP
water
At the end of the electron transport
chain, the final product is which of
the following?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
cytochrome oxidase
pyruvate
co-enzyme A
ATP
water
Proteins are to ribosomes as ATP is
to which of the following cell
organelles?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
centrioles
mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
chromosomes
nucleus
Proteins are to ribosomes as ATP is
to which of the following cell
organelles?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
centrioles
mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
chromosomes
nucleus
Glucose is slightly modified at the
beginning of glycolysis. Which of the
following modifications takes place?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
addition of an atom of oxygen
addition of a phosphate group
removal of an atom of oxygen
addition of a hydrogen
removal of a molecule of water
Glucose is slightly modified at the
beginning of glycolysis. Which of the
following modifications takes place?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
addition of an atom of oxygen
addition of a phosphate group
removal of an atom of oxygen
addition of a hydrogen
removal of a molecule of water
In which of the following forms is
energy immediately made available
for use by living cells?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
ATP
glucose
ADP
fats
starch
In which of the following forms is
energy immediately made available
for use by living cells?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
ATP
glucose
ADP
fats
starch
The final product from the electron
transport chain that contains most of
the electrons is which of the
following?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
cytochrome oxidase
oxygen
chlorophyll
ATP
water
The final product from the electron
transport chain that contains most of
the electrons is which of the
following?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
cytochrome oxidase
oxygen
chlorophyll
ATP
water
During aerobic cellular respiration,
which of the following molecules
activates Krebs cycle?
a. citrate
b. pyruvate
c. cytochrome oxidase
d. acetyl coenzyme A
e. carbon dioxide
During aerobic cellular respiration,
which of the following molecules
activates Krebs cycle?
a. citrate
b. pyruvate
c. cytochrome oxidase
d. acetyl coenzyme A
e. carbon dioxide
Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than
aerobic respiration for which of the following
reasons?
a. less ATP is produced in anaerobic
respiration
b. aerobic respiration allows for rapid
oxidation during strenuous exercise
c. blood carries more than enough oxygen
to support aerobic respiration
d. only bacteria and yeast use anaerobic
respiration
e. most animals have to breathe air in
order to survive
Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than
aerobic respiration for which of the following
reasons?
a. less ATP is produced in anaerobic
respiration
b. aerobic respiration allows for rapid
oxidation during strenuous exercise
c. blood carries more than enough oxygen
to support aerobic respiration
d. only bacteria and yeast use anaerobic
respiration
e. most animals have to breathe air in
order to survive
At the end of glycolysis, most of the
energy originally found in glucose is
located in molecules of
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)
reduced NAD
pyruvate
ATP
lactate
At the end of glycolysis, most of the
energy originally found in glucose is
located in molecules of
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)
reduced NAD
pyruvate
ATP
lactate
When muscles cells do work under
anaerobic conditions, the muscle cells
a. use lactate to synthesize glycogen for
glycolysis
b. use the pyruvate-acetyl-CoA shunt as
an alternative energy source
c. get their energy from oxidative
phosphorylation instead
d. produce lactate and release energy
that way
e. stop functioning, which results in
cramping
When muscles cells do work under
anaerobic conditions, the muscle cells
a. use lactate to synthesize glycogen for
glycolysis
b. use the pyruvate-acetyl-CoA shunt as
an alternative energy source
c. get their energy from oxidative
phosphorylation instead
d. produce lactate and release energy
that way
e. stop functioning, which results in
cramping
Proteins and fats may be used in
respiration if first they are
converted, respectively, into
a. pyruvate and lactate
b. pyruvate and acetyl CoA
c. pyruvate and citrate
d. citrate and oxaloacetate
e. oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA
Proteins and fats may be used in
respiration if first they are
converted, respectively, into
a. pyruvate and lactate
b. pyruvate and acetyl CoA
c. pyruvate and citrate
d. citrate and oxaloacetate
e. oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA
Amino acids can enter cellular
respiration, but first they have to be
a.
b.
d.
c.
e.
deaminated
hydrolyzed
converted to glucose
phosphorylated
converted into protein
Amino acids can enter cellular
respiration, but first they have to be
a.
b.
d.
c.
e.
deaminated
hydrolyzed
converted to glucose
phosphorylated
converted into protein
Part C: Short Answer
1.How are the chemical equations for
cellular respiration and photosynthesis
related?
It is the same equation, just reversed for
photosynthesis.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O  6CO2 + 12H2O + energy
1.How can the process of cellular
respiration be kept track of?
In cellular respiration there are three
components to track:
(1) rearrangement of Carbon skeleton
(2)production of ATP and
(3) reduction/oxidation reactions
(REDOX)
1.In the overall reaction for cellular
respiration, what is oxidized and
what is reduced?
Ultimately, glucose is oxidized and
oxygen is reduced to form water
1.What is the “final electron acceptor”
in cellular respiration?
2.What molecules transfer or carry the
electrons?
3.(You should be able to identify both
of these molecules.)
The final electron acceptor in cellular
respiration is oxygen.
Electron carriers are co-enzymes or
cytochromes.
Glycolysis
What is another general name for
glucose in these reactions?
Another general name for glucose is
" substrate".
Describe the process in which energy
is supplied to “kick start” glycolysis.
The process where energy is
supplied to kick start glycolysis is
substrate-level phosphorylation.
What is “substrate level
phosphorylation”?
Why is it important?
ATP is synthesized through the
action of an enzyme directly on a
respiratory substrate.
The Citric Acid Cycle
(aka The Krebs Cycle):
What must happen to pyruvate before
it can enter the CAC?
Pyruvate must first cross the
membranes of the mitochondrion,
where it is converted to acetyl
co-enzyme A (acetyl co-A) by the
removal of CO2 and the reduction of
NAD+ to NADH + H+.
Why is this part of cellular
respiration called the Citric Acid
Cycle?
This part of cellular respiration is
called the Citric Acid Cycle because
citric acid is a major intermediate
created when acetyl co-A and
oxaloacetate join together at the
beginning of the cycle.
How many rotations of the CAC are
required for one glucose molecule?
Two rotations of the CAC are required
for one glucose molecule.
At this point in the process of cellular
respiration, where is most of energy
from glucose stored?
At this point, most of the energy from
glucose is stored as NADH + H+
(reduced NAD+).
The Electron Transport Chain:
How many ATP are produced from
one NADH + H+? How many ATP are
produced from one FADH2?
What is this process called?
Three molecules of ATP are produced
from one NADH + H+. Two ATP are
generated from one FADH2.
This process is called oxidative
phosphorylation.
How are the electrons moved in the
ETC?
Electrons are moved along by a
series of electron carriers in order
of decreasing electrical potential.
At three positions in the chain the
energy drop is sufficient to drive
the synthesis of ATP.
(Recall: ATP synthesis is an
endergonic reaction.)
Describe the electron carriers which
make up the ETC?
The electron carriers are made up
of four multiprotein complexes
which extend across the
mitochondrial inner membrane.
How do the large number of folds of
the inner mitochondrion membrane
assist in this process?
How is this folding related to
specific energy requirements of the
cell?
The large number of folds in the inner
mitochondrial membrane provide a large
surface area to accommodate a large
number of electron transport complexes.
Mitochondria in insect flight muscles and
other cells with high energy requirements
typically have an extensively folded inner
membrane. Cells with lower energy
requirements have fewer folds.
Describe chemiosmosis completely?
Chemisomosis is the theory of ATP
synthesis, proposed by Mitchell,
which states that a proton gradient is
created across a membrane, and as
the protons return through a
membrane via a channel, ATP is
produced.
Respiratory Control:
What 2 processes are “coupled” in
order to control cellular
respiration?
ATP synthesis and electron transport
are "coupled" in order to control
cellular respiration.
How do some poisons interfere with
respiratory control?
What is the result?
Dinitrophenol (DNP) transports
protons across membrane
(sending them back into the
matrix), eliminating the proton
motive force, bypassing the ATP
synthase channel.
Distinguish between alcoholic
fermentation and lactic acid
fermentation.
Alcoholic fermentation involves the
breakdown of pyruvate into acetaldehyde
by the removal of CO2 and finally to
ethanol by the oxidation of NADH + H+.
This occurs in the absence of oxygen in
yeast cells. Lactic acid fermentation
involves the breakdown of pyruvate, in the
absence of oxygen, to lactic acid by the
oxidation of NADH + H+. This occurs in
animal muscle cells and in certain
microogranisms.