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Chapter 4: The Basic Units of Life Diversity of cells Diversity of Cells • All living things are made up of cells. • Robert Hooke- first person to describe cells. He used a microscope to see cells for the first time He saw “juicy stuff” inside the cells and also was the one of the first to see cell membranes! He spent most of his time looking at plants and fungi Plant cells have cell walls, but animal cells do not have them Hooke thought animals were not made of cells Diversity of Cells Anton van Leeuwenhoek Anton van Leeuwenhoek made his own microscope and looked at pond scum. It was like looking at a city of life! Anton also looked at different animal blood and was the first to noticed that different animals had different looking blood cells. fish, birds, frog blood cells are oval Dog and human blood cells are flat. Diversity of Cells Cell Size Most cells are small Some are large (page 115-Figure 2) Why small size for most cells? the flatter and smaller a cell is, the more exchanged through the cell can happen if the cell is big and round, the cell can’t exchange either food or waste as efficient. OR Diversity of Cells Cell Theory Scientist Mattias Schleiden studied plants and he helped us conclude that all plant parts were made of cells. Theodor Schwann concluded that all animal tissues were made of cells. Schwann 1. 2. wrote the cell theory All organisms are made up of one or more cells The cell is the basic unit of all living things. Rudolf Virchow added the third part of the cell theory 3. All cells come from existing cells Diversity of Cells-Cell Size Surface Area to Volume Ratio The larger the surface area to volume ratio, the better the cell can exchange nutrients and wastes out of itself. Compare the two surface area to volume ratios, which is more efficient for the cell 5 (Surface Area) 3.25 (Surface Area) 1 (Volume) 2 (Volume) The higher the numerator after you have divided, the more efficient the cell Diversity of Cells-Parts of a Cell Cell membrane It is like our skin to a cell –protects the inside Separates the cell’s inside with the fluid outside. Cell membrane controls the stuff going in and out of the cell The fluid inside the cell is called cytoplasm. Figure 6-Page 118 in your book Organelles Different parts of the cells have different functions. Organelles are structures that perform specific functions Diversity of Cells-Parts of a Cell Genetic Material ALL cells contain DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid DNA-genetic information that carries the information to make new cells DNA controls the activities within those cells In some cells, the DNA is inside the nucleus (humans). In other cells, the DNA is not inside the nucleus because there is no nucleus (bacteria for example) Diversity of Cells Two Kinds of Cells Two Types of Cells Cells With Nucleus Cells without Nucleus Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eubacteria Archaebacteria Diversity of Cells Eubacteria Most common type of prokaryote These type of organisms do not have a nucleus, but have DNA Bacteria have cell walls and ribosomes Cell Membrane + Cell Wall = material in and out of the cell Bacteria are mobile by using their flagellum to motor them around their environment. Diversity of Cells Archaebacteria Similar to regular bacteria (eubacteria) in that they have Single-celled organisms Have ribosomes Have a cell membrane Have circular DNA Both lack a nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles They are different than regular bacteria in that Ribosomes are different than bacteria Archaebacteria’s cell wall and cell membranes are different to tolerate High salt High heat Gases, like methane Called extremophiles Diversity of Cells Eukaryotes All living things that are not bacteria or Archaebacteria have eukaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells have Membrane bound organelles Organelles all have specific jobs in the cells Have a nucleus contains the DNA of the organism Is one type of the membrane bound organelles mentioned above Eukaryotes-organisms made up of these cells Eukaryotic Cells(the components or organelles) Cell Wall Only some Eukaryotes have these Plants, algae are examples Give structure to the cell Kind of like a skeleton in us, allows plants to grow upwards and stand up. Fungi (yeasts and mushrooms included) have cell walls Diversity of Cells Eukaryotes Cell Membrane ALL cells have a cell membrane It protects the cell’s “insides” Made up of phospholipid membranes Lipids are “water haters”=hydrophobic Tail end of the cell membrane are lipids/hydrophobic Head is facing water-these are “water lovers” or Hydrophilic [phosphorous end] The movement of materials in and out of the cell is controlled by the cell membranes lipids and proteins. Diversity of Cells Eukaryotes Cytoskeleton Web of proteins in the cytoplasm Acts a muscle and skeleton Skeleton=keeps membrane from collapsing Made of three types of proteins Hollow tube (one type) Long, stringy fibers (other two) Diversity of Cells Eukaryotes Nucleus Large organelle Contains cell’s DNA DNA gives the information on how to make a cell’s proteins Proteins control the chemical reactions in a cell Surrounded by two membranes Diversity of Cells Eukaryotes Ribosomes Make proteins Smallest of all the organelles Some ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm Others are attached to membranes or cytoskeleton Proteins are made up of amino acids Diversity of Cells Eukaryotes Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) system of folded membranes Where proteins, lipids, and other materials are made Freeway of the cell-substances move through the ER to different other places in the cell Either rough ER (make many of the cells proteins) Smooth ER (lacks ribosomes, makes lipids, breaks down toxic materials that could damage the cell) Diversity of Cells Eukaryotes Mitochondria Power source of the cell Sugar is broken down to produce energy by storing it as ATP Most of the ATP is made in the mitochondria They have their own DNA and can divide within a cell Outer and inner membrane Mitochondria at all stages Diversity of Cells Eukaryotes Golgi Complex Packages and distributes proteins Looks like the ER Lipids and proteins from the ER are delivered to the Golgi complex Contain vesicles that move into/out of or within a cell Diversity of Cells Eukaryotes Golgi complex and their Vesicles small sac that forms from the Golgi complex’s membrane like a trash truck-it surrounds material to be moved into or out of the cell All Eukaryotic cells have these They can carry new protein from the ER to the Golgi complex Vesicles distribute materials to all parts of the cells Diversity of Cells Eukaryotes Lysosomes vesicles that are responsible for digestion inside the cells Found mainly in animal cells Vesicles engulf particles in the cells THEN lysosomes will dump enzymes into them-digesting them Diversity of Cells Eukaryotes Chloroplasts-Plant and algae cells Allow plants to produce their own food photosynthesis takes place They are green because of the chlorophyll Sugar produced is given to the mitochondria to make ATP Diversity of Cells Eukaryotes Vacuoles Large vesicle in plants and fungal cells Act like large lysosomes Store and aide in digestion with in the cell Some vacuoles store water and liquids The Organization of Living Things Benefits of being a multi cellular organism LARGER SIZE Usually larger than a single-celled organism (less worry about predators getting us!) we can eat a wider variety of prey LONGER LIFE Life span is not dependent on the life span of any other single cell. SPECIALIZATION Cells do special jobs The Organization of Living Things Specialization Nerve Cell Cancer Cells Skeleton Muscle Smooth Muscle Liver Cell Breast Cancer Cell The Organization of Living Things Cells Working Together Tissue group of cells that work together to perform a specific job. this includes the material around and between the cells (also part of the tissue) Animal Tissue (4 Types) 1. 2. 3. 4. Nerve tissue Muscle Tissue Connective Tissue Protective Tissue Plant Tissue (3 Types) 1. Transport Tissue 2. Protective Tissue 3. Ground Tissue The Organization of Living Things Organs Structure made up of two or more tissues working together to perform a specific function Example: Muscle tissues have nerves, muscle (smooth and rough), blood vessels, ligaments, etc… Kidney The Organization of Living Things Organ System Group of organs working together to perform a particular function EXAMPLE-Digestive system The Organization of Living Things Organism Unicellular organism-organism made of a single cell {Bacteria, most protists and some kinds of fungi} Multi cellular organism-have specialized cells even the simplest organism Complex organisms are composed of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems that perform specialized functions. The Organization of Living Things Structure and Function Structure- arrangements of parts in an organism (includes shape and materials) Function-job that the part does