* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Skeletal muscle cells
Survey
Document related concepts
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Tissue engineering wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Introduction to Cytology or Cell Biology 5 Characteristics of Living Things ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ Respond to the environment Require Energy Grow Reproduce Eliminate wastes How do we observe cells? Light microscope Visible light passes through object Lens magnify image Electron microscope Scanning - surface of object Transmission - sees through objects 100,000 X to Millions magnification power Chapter 2 Measurement and Microscopy Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4 Scale Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 5 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Discovery of Microorganisms Antoine van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) first to observe and describe microorganisms 6 The Compound – multiple lens microscope Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 8 Stereoscope Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9 Microscope Resolution ability of a lens to separate or distinguish small objects that are close together wavelength of light used is major factor in resolution shorter wavelength greater resolution At what point are the dots separate? they be resolved or separated from each other?? Copyright © The Can McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 11 Resolving Power Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 12 Resolving Power Resolving power is the ability to make out detail Human Eye 0.1 mm Compound Microscope 0.2 um Electron Microscope 0.5 nm Limitations of Microscopes Light waves Copyright © The scattering causes distortion and unclear images McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Maximum magnification is about 1500X Permission required for reproduction or display. 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Electron Microscopy beams of electrons are used to produce images wavelength of electron beam is much shorter than light, resulting in much higher resolution 14 TEMS ---> Ebola Virus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 15 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 16 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 18 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19 Scanning Electron Microscope Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 3D Images 20 The Scanning Electron Microscope uses electrons reflected from the surface of a specimen to create image produces a 3-dimensional image of specimen’s surface features Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 21 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Common Dog Flea – Magnified 350X22 Bristle on Common Earthworm – Magnified 350X Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 23 Trypanosome (parasite) next to a red blood cell. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 24 Fly head Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 25 How do we know what happens in each part of the cell? Radioisotopes are used to "trace" different chemical reactions through a cell. Separate cellular structures with a blender Centrifuge material and analyze each layer. People who were important in early cell discovery: Robert Hooke (1665) Observed dead cork - called them “cells“ Compound Microscope Anton Von Leeuwenhoek (1674) - living cells in pond water; one celled organisms -- animalcules Mattias Scleiden (1838) stated that plants are made up of cells Theodor Schwann (1839) stated that animals are made up of cells Rudolph Virchow (1858) 1. 2. Studied the pathology of cells. (ability to cause disease) All cells arise from preexisting cells. New cells can only arise from other living cells by the process of cell division or reproduction Cell Theory 1. 2. 3. All living things are composed of cells Cells are the fundamental building block of life All cells come from pre-existing cells (life begets life) Eukaryotic cells – advanced cells Have nucleus Plasma membrane Cytoplasm - everything between plasma membrane and nucleus Organelles Fluid Cytoskeleton – threads of microtubules and microfilaments in cytoplasm Animal vs Plant Cell Animal cells have unique structures Centrioles Lysosome Flagellum 1. 2. 3. Plant cells have unique structures Large central vacuole Cell wall 1. Chloroplasts 3. 2. Cytoskeleton Fibres Mitochondrion Mitochondrion Chloroplast Vesicle Golgi Body Central Vacuole Smooth ER Rough sdfER Cell Wall Plasma Membrane Nucleolus Pore DNA Envelope Ribosomes Centriole Plasma Membrane OUTSIDE OF CELL Sugar Chain Lipid Bilayer Protein Marker Cholesterol INSIDE OF CELL Proteins Embedded Protein Cell Membrane Side Profile Different membranes All have similar functions & structures Plasma membrane separates inside of cell from outside of cell Other membrane define organelles to form compartments of eukaryotic cells Forms a selectively permeable layer Lets some things in or out but not all Like a window screen Nucleus Nucleus - Structures Envelope Chromatin Double membrane Pores to get messages in and out DNA threads Protein balls called histones - wrapping Nucleolus - site of ribosome production Ribosomes Consists of 2 parts, which are made in nucleus Make protein in the Cytoplasm Produce proteins from ‘recipes’ in the nucleus copied into mRNA Some (proteins) will remain in cytoplasm Some will be exported out of cell Some will attach to membranes in cell Ribosomes are found on the endoplasmic reticulum and in the cytoplasm Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER Smooth ER Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER - attached to nucleus Ribosomes stud surface Produces Membrane proteins - stay in cell Secretory proteins - exported from cell RER makin’ Proteins! Golgi apparatus – the Post Office of the Cell Golgi apparatus – what it does Refines, stores and marks molecules for shipment Looks like stack of hollow pancakes Products of ER arrive & leave via transport vesicles Moving from one sac to the next Molecules get modified Labeled and / or stored Called the cell “Post office” because it marks and directs products in the cell Lysosome Lysosome Greek for breakdown body Sac of strong digestive enzymes Recylcer Compartmentalized for safety Can release to breakdown entire cell – “suicide sack” Functions Digest food vacuoles Digest invading bacteria Digest old organelles Lysosome Mitochondria Mitochondria Site of cellular respiration Conversion of food into energy (ATP) Double membrane ATP is what cells use to make things happen (drive chemical reactions) Big bag stuffed in smaller bag Folds of inner bag called cristae Space inside inner bag called matrix Also once free living bacteria Efficiency - gasoline engines converts 25% of energy mitochondria converts 54% of energy contains some of its own DNA (amount varies within organisms) believed to evolved from a primitive cell engulfing it and creating a symbiotic relationship DNA in mitochondria obtained only from mother of organism. Plant Organelles Chloroplasts - in plants Chloroplast 1. chlorophyll is green chemical that releases electrons, working like a solar panel in sunlight 2. forms glucose 3. photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2 O ---> C6H12 O6 + 6O2 Chloroplasts Cell Specialization Different kinds of cells suited for a different activity. Division of Labor Different cells divide their labor each has a specific function and supports each other. Levels of structure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Tissue Level A group of cells that are alike in structure and activity in an organism muscles - Skeletal muscle cells – motion - Cardiac muscle cells – heartbeat - Bones - support - Nerve cells - coordination, perception and automatic body functions Organ Level several tissues working as a unit Animals heart brain stomach Plants roots stem leaf Organ System many organs involved in carrying out a function digestive nervous skeletal excretory respiratory endocrine – (hormones) circulatory muscular reproductive Organism complete living thing cell tissue organ organ system organism Prokaryotes Cells that do not have a nucleus Exist almost every where on earth Grow in numbers so great you can see them with the unaided eye Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cells What are Viruses A virus is a non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells. T4 Bacteriophage Herpes Virus E. Coli and the Bacteriophage What it looks like in real life