* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Cellular Organelles
Survey
Document related concepts
Cytoplasmic streaming wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Programmed cell death wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Cellular Organelles Structures and Functions Cellular Background • A prokaryote is an organism that lacks a true nucleus. • Most prokaryotes are unicellular. • Prokaryotes are much more simple than eukaryotes. They do not have as many organelles. Cellular Background • Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes. • A eukaryote is an organism that has a true nucleus. • Protists belong to their own kingdom. Some examples are slime molds or fungus like (sporangia), and algae (euglena). Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell • For this project, you will be making plant cells. • Plant cells have three major differences in structure than animals: – An enlarged vacuole – A cell wall made of cellulose and protein. – A chloroplast for photosynthesis. Mr. B. go to the virtual web site. Cellular Organelles and their Functions…. What do you need to know? You will need to know the following structures and their functions: – – – – – Cell wall Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleolus ER Endoplasmic Reticulum – Ribosomes – – – – – Vacuole Golgi Bodies Lysosomes Mitochondrion Chloroplast IN Groups of 6…. • You will each pick one of the following groups: – – – – – – Cell wall and Cell membrane Nucleus and Nucleolus ER and Ribosomes Vacuole and Golgi Bodies Lysosomes and Mitochondrion Chloroplast • Next, find the people from the other groups who have the same topic as you, form smaller groups and become experts on your topic. • Become an expert on your organelle(s) so that you can teach your big (learner) group in about 10-15 minutes. • You MUST think of some TRICKs to help the members of the larger group remember your topic. 15 minutes Teach your topic…. • Return to your original group and teach them what you know. • Make sure that the rest of the group understands your trick to help them remember what you taught. Nucleus Golgi bodie s Lysosome vacuole Mitochondria Cell Wall ER membrane Chloro -plast What are cells anyway? • Living things are made mostly of cells, all life processes occur within cells. *** • http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.cell.organelles/ • http://encarta.msn.com/media_461516491_761568585_-1_1/Cells.html Q: Where IN cells do these life processes occur? A: In the organelles Cell Wall Thick cellulose layer outside the cell membrane Provides structure and support for the cell! Cell Membrane Thin layer inside the cell wall made of two layers of phospholipid and protein. Keeps the good stuff in and the bad stuff out! Cell Membrane Vacuole Membrane covered structure used to store materials like water. Storage place for the cell! Vacuole Chloroplast Membrane covered structure filled with a liquid stroma and stacks of chlorophyll filled granna. Convert Carbon Dioxide and water into glucose using the sun’s energy and giving off oxygen! Chloroplast Photosynthesis is another complex process. The first thing that happens is that sunlight strikes the chlorophyll in the grana of the chloroplast. The sun’s energy is captured by the chlorophyll and is used to separate water (H2O) into hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen is released and hydrogen is passed to the stroma. The hydrogen is bonded to CO2 from the air. Through a complex process called the Calvin cycle, glucose (C6H12O6) is made. The Glucose is then transported to other parts of the cell, like the mitochondria, by the endoplasmic reticulum. Leucoplast Membrane covered structure filled grains of starch. The black structures are the starch grains Special vacuole used for the storage of starch! Potato Cells Starch Grain These cells have the starch grains stained purple. Leucoplast Mitochondria Membrane covered structure divided up by cristae with many spaces for chemical reactions. Convert glucose into ATP (energy molecule) using oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide! Mitochondria Cellular respiration makes energy for the cell. Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm of the cell. The small pieces of glucose are entered into the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria. The Krebs cycle separates out the hydrogen, which goes to the electron transport chain. Waste carbon dioxide is also separated out in the Krebs cycle. The CO2 is then released from the mitochondria. Electrons from the hydrogen are stripped of their energy in the electron transport chain. ADP is converted to ATP using this energy. Oxygen is added to the Hydrogen to make water completing the process. ATP energy is used for many processes in the cell. Endoplasmic Reticulum Broad sheets of folded membrane. Rough E.R. has ribosomes and (is continuous with the nuclear envelope.) The smooth E.R. stores and pumps calcium. Site of most chemosynthesis (making of chemicals) and possible transportation! Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Two subunits that clamp onto mRNA and use the code to build protein used as building material for the cell or as enzymes which control chemical reactions. Site of protein synthesis. Ribosomes Protein Story • Mr. Hutten decides that the whole school has been working hard and needs a steak dinner on Thursday. (Mr. Hutten=Nucleus- DNA) • Mr. Hutten writes an email to the kitchen (Email=mRNA) • Mr. Wathen gets the fixings for the dinner and has it delivered to the kitchen. (Delivery Truck=tRNA) • The kitchen crew puts the fixings together to make the steak dinner. (Kitchen crew=ribosomes and fixings=amino acids) • We eat the dinner. (Dinner=protein used by the cells for structure and enzymes) Nucleus The nucleus is covered with a membrane. The membrane is filled with pores. The inside is filled with DNA and a dark body called the nucleolus. Controls the activities of the cell. Nucleus Nucleolus The nucleolus is a dark body in the nucleus. It produces ribosomes. Produces the RNA of the ribosomes. Nucleolus Lysosome Lysosomes are special vacuoles filled with digestive enzymes that can digest food, kill enemies or recycle cell parts. Store and pour out enzymes which are used to break down food, recycle cell parts or destroy enemies.. Lysosome Golgi Body The golgi body is like a stack of pancakes and it produces lysosomes. Packaging plant for the cell. Golgi Body Plant vs. Animal Cell Side by side! Plant cell has a cell wall, chloroplasts and leucoplasts. An animal cell has centrioles used in cell reproduction. Don’t Worry Be Cellular • • • • Here’s a little song I wrote You can sing it note by note Don’t worry be happy! Doot dood do do do da do • • • • • • I have a mit-o-chon-dria, Power house of cells I tell ya. Don’t worry, be happy! Changing glucose to ATP, Using oxygen for energy. Don’t worry, just study! • • • • • • I have a little chloroplast, Making sugar, it’s a blast. Don’t worry, be happy! CO2 and H2O A little sunlight makes it go. Don’t worry, be just study! • • • • • • I have a little ribosome, Protein making, it’s at home. Don’t worry, be happy! Messages from the DNA, Luckily, it’s not far away. Don’t worry, just study! • • • • • • I have a little nucleolus, Making RNA for all of us. Don’t worry, be happy! Ribosomes need the RNA, Without it they say Hey?! Don’t worry, just study! • • • • • • I have a little lysosome, Digesting like a metronome. Don’t worry, be happy! Strong enzymes are inside, You can run, but you can’t hide. Don’t worry, just study! • • • • • • I have a little leucoplast, Having one will help you last. Don’t worry, be happy! Storing starch is simple, yes, But without one, you could guess. Don’t worry, just study! • • • • • • I have a lot of Endoplasmic Reticulum, Chemosynthesis makes cells hum. Don’t worry, be happy! Folded membrane, smooth or rough. I think that that’s enough! Don’t worry, just study! • • • • • • • I have a little Golgi body, Storing and pouring is my hobby. Don’t worry, be happy! Packaging enzymes and other things, This crazy teacher makes us sings! Don’t worry, Just study! Doot dood do do do da do 1. 9. 10. 2. 3. 7. 12. 5. Dots 11. 4. 6. 8. 11. Contains Enzymes Essay questions • Explain how the chloroplasts produce glucose. (15 pts) • Explain how the mitochondria produce energy. (15 pts) • Explain how the ribosomes make the correct protein. (15 pts) Contain enzymes Dots Enlarged view Hint: This is the cell membrane.