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Do Now • 1. All living things are made of _______ • 2. What is the nucleus important for? • 3. What’s one fact about prokaryotes copyright cmassengale 1 Unit 3: Cells! copyright cmassengale 2 • When sound waves hit our eardrum, they set up vibrations that move into the inner ear, where millions of tiny hairs convert them into electrical impulses, which our brains interpret as sound. Loud sound can damage these hairs. If it's brief and not too loud, the hairs recover, but prolonged, loud sound kills the hairs. The more of them we lose, the less sound we can hear. copyright cmassengale 3 copyright cmassengale 4 • 1 in 6 teenagers already have permanent damage! copyright cmassengale 5 Basic Structure of a Cell copyright cmassengale 6 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Living Levels: 1.CELL (makes up ALL organisms) 2.TISSUE (cells working together) 3.ORGAN (heart, brain, stomach …) 4.ORGAN SYSTEMS (respiratory, circulatory …) 5.ORGANISM copyright cmassengale 7 Robert Hooke, 1664 • Monk • First to view cork cells under his microscope • Interesting story on Hook and Sir Issac Newton copyright cmassengale 8 What is a Cell? A CELL IS… • The smallest unit of LIFE • the smallest unit biologists study Levels of Organization of living things: CELL TISSUE ORGAN ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM copyright cmassengale 9 What is an ORGANELLE? • Cells have smaller parts inside them called ORGANELLES • This means “LITTLE ORGAN.” • They perform special functions for the cell to keep it (and the organism) alive • ALL cells have organelles copyright cmassengale 10 Which Cell Type is Larger? Three Basic types of cells include: Bacteria Plant cell Animal cell _________ _________ ___________ 11 How many organelles can you identify? 12 Number of Cells Although ALL living things are made of cells, organisms may be: • Unicellular – composed of one cell • Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize into tissues, etc. copyright cmassengale 13 Re-loop: What is the PURPOSE of all cells? • The purpose of ALL cells is that they make PROTEINS!!!!! • Proteins control almost everything in living organisms, so all organelles are working to help make them! • Think of your cells as PROTEIN FACTORIES! 14 What is CELL THEORY? 1. All living things are made of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things 3. New cells come form existing cells (cell division) 15 There are 2 types of cells EUKARYOTE PROKARYOTE Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Size Smaller and simpler (most are unicellular) Larger and more complex (most are multicellular) Evolutionary Age Older Younger Nucleus? Do NOT have a nucleus (DNA floats around the cell and looks like a twisted string) DOES contain a nucleus (DNA is inside the nucleus) Organelles? ONLY: Cell Wall, Cell Membrane and Ribosomes Everything DNA? DNA is free float in the cytoplasm DNA is inside the nucleus Examples Bacteria Plants, Animals, Fungi 17 Prokaryotes – the first cells • Nucleoid region (center) contains the DNA • Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall (peptidoglycan) • Contain ribosomes (no membrane) in their cytoplasm to make proteins copyright cmassengale 18 Eukaryotes • Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles • Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals • More complex type of cells 19 Eukaryotic Cell Contain 3 basic cell structures: • Nucleus • Cell Membrane • Cytoplasm with organelles copyright cmassengale 20 Huge Size Difference! Prokaryo tic Cells are TINY! Eukariotic Cells are BIGGER! Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells Plant Cell copyright cmassengale Animal Cell 22 Cell Project! Right corner if you’re a VISUAL learner Left corner if you’re an AUDITORY learner Front if you’re just a straight forward learner copyright cmassengale 23 Cell Project Rubric – This is EXACTLY how you’ll be graded! Utilize all your resources to put together your project (ipad, miss k, group mates, text book) Expectations: Roles: Individual Project: 3D model 24 Do Now, 9/25/12 1. What is an organelle 2. Name 3 organelles that prokaryotes and eukaryotes share copyright cmassengale 25 Organelles copyright cmassengale 26 Organelles • Very small (Microscopic) • Perform various functions for a cell • Found in the cytoplasm • May or may not be membranebound copyright cmassengale 27 Animal Cell Organelles Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Nucleolus Nucleus Cell Membrane Nuclear envelope Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Golgi apparatus copyright cmassengale 28 Plant Cell Organelles copyright cmassengale 29 Cell or Plasma Membrane • Composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins • Surrounds outside of ALL cells • Controls what enters or leaves the cell Outside of cell Proteins Carbohydrate chains Cell membrane Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Protein channelcopyright cmassengale Lipid bilayer 30 The Cell Membrane is Fluid Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing copyright cmassengale 31 Cell Wall Cell wall • Nonliving layer • Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria • Made of cellulose in plants copyright cmassengale 32 Cell Wall • Supports and protects cell • Found outside of the cell membrane copyright cmassengale 33 Cytoplasm of a Cell cytoplasm • Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane copyright cmassengale 34 More on Cytoplasm cytoplasm • Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs • Found in ALL cells copyright cmassengale 35 The Control Organelle - Nucleus • Controls the normal activities of the cell • Contains the DNA in chromosomes • Usually the largest organelle copyright cmassengale 36 Inside the Nucleus The genetic material (DNA) is found DNA is spread out And appears as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells DNA is condensed & wrapped around proteins forming as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells copyright cmassengale 37 What Does DNA do? DNA is the hereditary material of the cell Genes that make up the DNA molecule code for different proteins copyright cmassengale 38 Mitochondrion (plural = mitochondria) • “Powerhouse” of the cell • Generate cellular energy (ATP) • More active cells like muscle cells have MORE mitochondria • Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria • Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose) copyright cmassengale 39 MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA Prokaryote eating prokaryote theory! copyright cmassengale 40 Interesting Fact --• Mitochondria Come from cytoplasm in the EGG cell during fertilization Therefore … • You inherit your mitochondria from your mother! copyright cmassengale 41 Cell Powerhouse Mitochondrion ( mitochondria ) Rod shape copyright cmassengale 42 What do mitochondria do? “Power plant” of the cell Burns glucose to release energy (ATP) Stores energy as ATP copyright cmassengale 43 Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER • Network of hollow membrane tubules • Functions in Synthesis of cell products & Transport Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH copyright cmassengale 44 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) • Has ribosomes on its surface • Makes membrane proteins and proteins for EXPORT out of cell copyright cmassengale 45 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) • Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER surface copyright cmassengale 46 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface • Is attached to the ends of rough ER copyright cmassengale 47 Functions of the Smooth ER • Makes membrane lipids (steroids) • Destroys toxic substances (Liver) copyright cmassengale 48 Endomembrane System Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell membrane (transport) copyright cmassengale 49 Ribosomes • Join amino acids to make proteins • Process called protein synthesis copyright cmassengale 50 Ribosomes Can be attached to Rough ER OR Be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm copyright cmassengale 51 Golgi Bodies • Stacks of flattened sacs • Have a shipping side (trans face) and receiving side (cis face) CIS TRANS Transport vesicle copyright cmassengale 52 Golgi Bodies Look like a stack of pancakes Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell copyright cmassengale 53 Golgi copyright cmassengale 54 Golgi Animation Materials are transported from Rough ER to Golgi to the cell membrane by VESICLES copyright cmassengale 55 Vacuoles • Fluid filled sacks for storage • Small or absent in animal cells • Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole • No vacuoles in bacterial cells copyright cmassengale 56 Contractile Vacuole • Found in unicellular protists like paramecia • Regulate water intake by pumping out excess (homeostasis) • Keeps the cell from lysing (bursting) Contractile vacuole animation copyright cmassengale 57 Chloroplasts • Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose) • Energy from sun stored in the Chemical Bonds of Sugars copyright cmassengale 58 Chloroplasts • Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane • Contains its own DNA • Never in animal or bacterial cells • Photosynthesis – food making process copyright cmassengale 59 Prokaryote or Eukaryote? copyright cmassengale 60 Prokaryote or Eukaryote? copyright cmassengale 61 copyright cmassengale 62 copyright cmassengale 63 copyright cmassengale 64 copyright cmassengale 65