Download Chapter 3 The Basic Structure of a Cell

Basic Structure of a Cell
Cytoplasm
Cell
Membrane
Nucleolus
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The cell is the Basic Unit
of Life
• Cell is the smallest unit of living organisms
• Unicellular organisms are made of one cell
only
• The cells of multicellular organisms are
specialized to perform different functions
– e.g. mesophyll cells for photosynthesis
and root hair cells for water absorption
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Introduction to Cells
Cells are the basic units of organisms
Cells can only be observed under
microscope
Basic types of cells:
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Bacterial Cell
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BACTERIA CELL
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ANIMAL CELL
Cytoplasm
Cell
Membrane
Nucleolus
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PLANT CELL
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REVIEW……..
Organisms may be:
• Unicellular –
composed of one cell
• Multicellularcomposed of many
cells that may
organize
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REVIEW CONTINUED…..
 Prokaryotes include bacteria &
lack a nucleus or membrane-bound
structures called organelles
Eukaryotes include most other cells
& have a nucleus and membranebound organelles (plants, fungi, &
animals)
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Two Main Types of
Eukaryotic Cells
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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Organelles
Very small size
Can only be observed under a
microscope
Have specific functions
Found throughout cytoplasm
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Cell Membrane
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Cell Membrane
•Protective layer that
covers the cell’s surface
& controls materials
going into and out of the
cell
•Found in ALL cells
•Selectively permeable –
“selects” the materials
that can permeate (pass
through) into the cell
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CELL WALL
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CELL WALL
• Rigid structure that gives
support to the cell
– Found in bacteria, plant & fungi
cells (NOT in animal cells)
– Outermost layer (covers the
cell membrane)
– Made of cellulose in plant cells
& chitin in fungi
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CYTOPLASM
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CYTOPLASM
Jelly-like substance
enclosed by cell
membrane
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NUCLEUS
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NUCLEUS
Large structure found in the
cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
that controls the activities of
the cell
Contains the cell’s DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid )
Genetic material that carries
information needed to make
new cells and new organisms.
Passed from parent cells to
new cells
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Nucleolus
found in the middle of
the nucleus
Makes ribosomes that
make proteins
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Golgi Bodies
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Golgi Bodies
• Stacks of flattened
sacs
• Have a shipping side &
a receiving side
• Receive & modify
proteins made by ER
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
System of tubes
and passageways
that are part of
the cell’s internal
delivery system
-found near the
nucleus;
transports
proteins
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Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Smooth ER lacks
ribosomes &
makes proteins
USED In the cell
Rough ER has
ribosomes on its
surface & makes
proteins to
EXPORT
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VACUOLE
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VACUOLE
Storage of water, food
& wastes
Large central vacuole in
plant cells
Many smaller vacuoles in
animal cells
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MITOCHONDRIA
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MITOCHONDRIA:
Produces energy for the
cell (ATP)
“Mighty mitochondria”
Breaks down sugar to
release energy through a
process called cellular
respiration
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CHLOROPLAST
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CHLOROPLAST
Contain the green pigment
chlorophyll
Traps sunlight to make to make
sugars (food)
Process called photosynthesis
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RIBOSOMES
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RIBOSOMES
•Ribosomes – small,
grain-like organelles that
make proteins
–Smallest of all the
organelles
–Found in ALL cells
–Found floating in the
cytoplasm or attached
to the endoplasmic
reticulum
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Lysosome
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Lysosome
• Contain digestive
enzymes
• Break down food and
worn out cell parts for
cells and help get rid
of waste materials
• break down & recycle
cell parts)
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Different kinds of animal
cells
white blood cell
Amoeba
red blood cell
muscle cell
cheek cells
sperm
nerve cell
Paramecium
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Similarities between plant
cells and animal cells
Both have a cell membrane
surrounding the cytoplasm
Both have a nucleus
Both contain mitochondria
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Differences between plant
cells and animal cells
Animal cells
Plant cells
Relatively
smaller in size
Relatively
larger in size
Irregular shape
Regular shape
No cell wall
Cell wall present
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Differences between Plant
Cells and Animal Cells
Animal cells
Plant cells
Vacuole small or
absent
Large central
vacuole
Glycogen as food
storage
Starch as food
storage
Nucleus at the
center
Nucleus near cell
wall
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Levels of organization
• Cells are
grouped
together and
work as a
whole to
perform special
functions
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Tissue
• A group of similar cells to
perform a particular function
– Animals : epithelial tissue,
muscular tissue
– Plants : vascular tissue,
mesophyll
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Organ
• Different tissues group together
to carry out specialized functions
– Heart : consists of muscles,
nervous tissue and blood
vessels
– Leaf : consists of epidermis,
mesophyll and vascular tissue
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The Structures of a Leaf
(Plant Organ)
Chloroplast
Palisade
Mesophyll Cell
Spongy Mesophyll
Cell
Air Space
Stoma
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The Structures of a Heart
(Animal Organ)
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System
• Several organs and tissues work together
to carry out a particular set of functions in a
co-ordinated way
– Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory,
circulatory and reproductive systems
– Plant : root and shoot systems
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Human Body Systems
Examples of systems :
 Digestive System
 Respiratory System
 Circulatory System
 Nervous System
 Reproductive System
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Examples of a Human Body System
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Examples of a Human Body System
The Respiratory System
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Examples of a Human Body System
Circulatory System
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Examples of a Human Body System
Nervous System
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Levels of Organization
CELLS
(muscle cells,nerve cells)
TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)
ORGANS (heart, lungs,
stomach)
SYSTEMS (circulatory system)
ORGANISM (human)
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It’s You!
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