Download Tour of the Cell

Tour of the Cell
AP Biology
Draw 9 boxes on a piece of paper
 In each box you will be writing an




answer to questions found in this
lesson.
Write your answers in full sentences.
If you would like to write your answers
in Cornell style, feel free.
When you have completed the notes
turn your paper into the purple box.
Be sure to put you name on your paper
before turning it in.
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Discuss with your partner everything you
know about cells
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Types of cells
Eukaryote
animal cells
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Prokaryote
bacteria cells
Eukaryote
plant cells
Minimize competition between organelles
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 Compare and contrast prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells in box #1
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Why organelles?
 Specialized structures

mitochondria
specialized functions
 cilia or flagella for locomotion
 Containers


partition cell into compartments
create different local environments
chloroplast
 separate pH, or concentration of materials

distinct & incompatible functions
 lysosome & its digestive enzymes
 Membranes as sites for chemical reactions


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Golgi
unique combinations of lipids & proteins
embedded enzymes & reaction centers
 chloroplasts & mitochondria
ER
Why organelles?
There are several reasons why cells evolved organelles. First, organelles can
perform specialized functions. Second, membrane bound organelles can act as
containers, separating parts of the cell from other parts of the cell. Third, the
membranes of organelles can act as sites for chemical reactions.
Organelles as specialized structures
An example of the first type of organelle is cilia, these short filaments act as
"paddles" to help some cells move.
Organelles as Containers
Nothing ever invented by man is as complex as a living cell. At any one time
hundreds of incompatible chemical reactions may be occurring in a cell. If the
cell contained a uniform mixture of all the chemicals it would not be able to
survive. Organelles surrounded by membranes act as individual compartments
for these chemical reactions. An example of the second type of organelle is the
lysosome. This structure contains digestive enzymes, these enzymes if allowed
to float free in the cell would kill it.
Organelle membranes as sites for chemical reactions
An example of the third type of organelle is the chloroplast. The molecules that
conduct the light reactions of photosynthesis are found embedded in the
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membranes of the chloroplast.
 To the person net to you three reasons
why we have organelles.
 Write your answer in box #2
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Cells gotta live!
 What jobs do cells have to do?

building proteins
 proteins control
every cell function

make energy
 for daily life
 for growth

build more cells
 growth
 reproduction
 repair
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 Describe the three jobs of the cell In
box #3
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Why study protein production?
proteins
cells
DNA
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Repeat after me…
organism
DNA gets the glory, but
Proteins do all the work!
Building Proteins
 Organelles involved
nucleus
 ribosomes
 endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)
 Golgi apparatus
 vesicles

The Protein Assembly Line
nucleus
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ribosome
ER
Golgi
apparatus
vesicles
TO:
endoplasmic
reticulum
nucleus
protein
on its way!
DNA
RNA
TO:
vesicle
TO:
TO:
vesicle
TO:
ribosomes
finished
protein
protein
Golgi
apparatus
Making Proteins
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Putting it together…
nucleus
nuclear pore
Making proteins
cell
membrane
protein secreted
rough ER
ribosome
vesicle
proteins
smooth ER
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transport
vesicle
cytoplasm
Golgi
apparatus
 Describe protein synthesis to the
person next to you.
Read the textbook (page 123) to find more
information about the structure and function
of the following organelles:
-nucleus, ER, Golgi apparatus ,ribosome,
and vacuole
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One of these is not like the
others…
Explain why in box # 4
Nucleus
ER
Golgi
Vesicles
1.
2.
3.
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Cells gotta live!
 What jobs do cells have to do?

make proteins
 proteins control
every cell function

make energy
 for daily life
 for growth

build more cells
 growth
 reproduction
 repair
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ATP
Cells need power!
 Making energy
take in food & digest it
 take in oxygen (O2)
 make ATP
 remove waste

ATP
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1960 | 1974
Lysosomes
 Function

Christian de Duve
little “stomach” of the cell
 digests macromolecules

“clean up crew” of the cell
 cleans up broken down
organelles
 Structure

vesicles of digestive enzymes
Where
old organelles
go to die!
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only in animal cells
Lysosomal enzymes
 Lysosomal enzymes work best at pH 5


organelle creates custom pH
how?
 proteins in lysosomal membrane
pump H+ ions from the cytosol
into lysosome

why?
 enzymes are very sensitive
to pH

why?
 enzymes are proteins —
pH affects structure

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why is this an adaptation: digestive enzymes which
function at pH different from cytosol?
 digestive enzymes won’t function well if some leak
into cytosol = don’t want to digest yourself!
But sometimes cells need to die…
 Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when
they are supposed to be destroyed
(recycling an organisms organic material)

some cells have to die for proper
development in an organism
 apoptosis
 “auto-destruct” process
 lysosomes break open & kill cell
 ex: tadpole tail gets re-absorbed
when it turns into a frog
 ex: loss of webbing between your
fingers during fetal development
 ex: self-destruct of cancerous cell
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 Describe the structure and function of
the lysosome in box #5
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syndactyly
Fetal development
6 weeks
15
weeks
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When things go wrong…
 Diseases of lysosomes are often fatal
digestive enzyme not working in lysosome
 picks up biomolecules, but can’t digest one

 lysosomes fill up with undigested material

grow larger & larger until disrupts cell &
organ function
 lysosomal storage diseases
 more than 40 known diseases
 example:
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Tay-Sachs disease
build up undigested fat
in brain cells
One of these is not like the
others…
Explain why in box #6
Lysosomes
Digestion
Apoptosis
Enzymes
1.
2.
3.
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From food to making Energy
 Cells must convert incoming energy to
forms that they can use for work
mitochondria:
ATP
from glucose to ATP
 chloroplasts:
from sunlight to ATP & carbohydrates

 ATP = immediate energy
 carbohydrates = stored energy
ATP
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+
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
 Important to see the similarities

transform energy
 generate ATP

double membranes = 2 membranes
 Internal and external membrane
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Lynn Margulis
U of M, Amherst
Membrane-bound Enzymes

semi-autonomous organelles
 move, change shape, divide

internal ribosomes, DNA & enzymes
glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy
dioxide
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C6H12O6 +
6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Membrane-bound Enzymes
carbon + water + energy  glucose + oxygen
dioxide
light  C H O + 6O
6CO
+
6H
O
+
6 12 6
2
2
2
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energy
Mitochondria are everywhere!!
animal cells
plant cells
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 Compare and contrast the functions of
the mitochondria and the chloroplast in
box #7
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Cells gotta live!
 What jobs do cells have to do?

building proteins
 proteins control
every cell function

make energy
 for daily life
 for growth

build more cells
 growth
 reproduction
 repair
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Cytoskeleton
 Function

structural support
 maintains shape of cell
 provides anchorage for organelles
 protein fibers


microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
motility
 cell locomotion
 cilia, flagella, etc.

regulation
 organizes structures
& activities of cell
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Cytoskeleton
 actin
 microtubule
 nuclei
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 Describe how the cytoskeleton helps
the cell in box #8
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Centrioles
 Cell division
in animal cells, pair of centrioles
organize microtubules
 guide chromosomes in mitosis

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One of these is not like the
others…
explain your answer in box #9
Cytoskeleton 1.
Support
Motility
2.
Reproduction
3.
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Watch the following videos about
the cell
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