Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Tissue engineering wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Tour of the Cell AP Biology Draw 9 boxes on a piece of paper In each box you will be writing an answer to questions found in this lesson. Write your answers in full sentences. If you would like to write your answers in Cornell style, feel free. When you have completed the notes turn your paper into the purple box. Be sure to put you name on your paper before turning it in. AP Biology Discuss with your partner everything you know about cells AP Biology Types of cells Eukaryote animal cells AP Biology Prokaryote bacteria cells Eukaryote plant cells Minimize competition between organelles AP Biology AP Biology AP Biology Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in box #1 AP Biology Why organelles? Specialized structures mitochondria specialized functions cilia or flagella for locomotion Containers partition cell into compartments create different local environments chloroplast separate pH, or concentration of materials distinct & incompatible functions lysosome & its digestive enzymes Membranes as sites for chemical reactions AP Biology Golgi unique combinations of lipids & proteins embedded enzymes & reaction centers chloroplasts & mitochondria ER Why organelles? There are several reasons why cells evolved organelles. First, organelles can perform specialized functions. Second, membrane bound organelles can act as containers, separating parts of the cell from other parts of the cell. Third, the membranes of organelles can act as sites for chemical reactions. Organelles as specialized structures An example of the first type of organelle is cilia, these short filaments act as "paddles" to help some cells move. Organelles as Containers Nothing ever invented by man is as complex as a living cell. At any one time hundreds of incompatible chemical reactions may be occurring in a cell. If the cell contained a uniform mixture of all the chemicals it would not be able to survive. Organelles surrounded by membranes act as individual compartments for these chemical reactions. An example of the second type of organelle is the lysosome. This structure contains digestive enzymes, these enzymes if allowed to float free in the cell would kill it. Organelle membranes as sites for chemical reactions An example of the third type of organelle is the chloroplast. The molecules that conduct the light reactions of photosynthesis are found embedded in the AP Biology membranes of the chloroplast. To the person net to you three reasons why we have organelles. Write your answer in box #2 AP Biology Cells gotta live! What jobs do cells have to do? building proteins proteins control every cell function make energy for daily life for growth build more cells growth reproduction repair AP Biology Describe the three jobs of the cell In box #3 AP Biology Why study protein production? proteins cells DNA AP Biology Repeat after me… organism DNA gets the glory, but Proteins do all the work! Building Proteins Organelles involved nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus vesicles The Protein Assembly Line nucleus AP Biology ribosome ER Golgi apparatus vesicles TO: endoplasmic reticulum nucleus protein on its way! DNA RNA TO: vesicle TO: TO: vesicle TO: ribosomes finished protein protein Golgi apparatus Making Proteins AP Biology Putting it together… nucleus nuclear pore Making proteins cell membrane protein secreted rough ER ribosome vesicle proteins smooth ER AP Biology transport vesicle cytoplasm Golgi apparatus Describe protein synthesis to the person next to you. Read the textbook (page 123) to find more information about the structure and function of the following organelles: -nucleus, ER, Golgi apparatus ,ribosome, and vacuole AP Biology One of these is not like the others… Explain why in box # 4 Nucleus ER Golgi Vesicles 1. 2. 3. AP Biology Cells gotta live! What jobs do cells have to do? make proteins proteins control every cell function make energy for daily life for growth build more cells growth reproduction repair AP Biology ATP Cells need power! Making energy take in food & digest it take in oxygen (O2) make ATP remove waste ATP AP Biology 1960 | 1974 Lysosomes Function Christian de Duve little “stomach” of the cell digests macromolecules “clean up crew” of the cell cleans up broken down organelles Structure vesicles of digestive enzymes Where old organelles go to die! AP Biology only in animal cells Lysosomal enzymes Lysosomal enzymes work best at pH 5 organelle creates custom pH how? proteins in lysosomal membrane pump H+ ions from the cytosol into lysosome why? enzymes are very sensitive to pH why? enzymes are proteins — pH affects structure AP Biology why is this an adaptation: digestive enzymes which function at pH different from cytosol? digestive enzymes won’t function well if some leak into cytosol = don’t want to digest yourself! But sometimes cells need to die… Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when they are supposed to be destroyed (recycling an organisms organic material) some cells have to die for proper development in an organism apoptosis “auto-destruct” process lysosomes break open & kill cell ex: tadpole tail gets re-absorbed when it turns into a frog ex: loss of webbing between your fingers during fetal development ex: self-destruct of cancerous cell AP Biology Describe the structure and function of the lysosome in box #5 AP Biology syndactyly Fetal development 6 weeks 15 weeks AP Biology When things go wrong… Diseases of lysosomes are often fatal digestive enzyme not working in lysosome picks up biomolecules, but can’t digest one lysosomes fill up with undigested material grow larger & larger until disrupts cell & organ function lysosomal storage diseases more than 40 known diseases example: AP Biology Tay-Sachs disease build up undigested fat in brain cells One of these is not like the others… Explain why in box #6 Lysosomes Digestion Apoptosis Enzymes 1. 2. 3. AP Biology From food to making Energy Cells must convert incoming energy to forms that they can use for work mitochondria: ATP from glucose to ATP chloroplasts: from sunlight to ATP & carbohydrates ATP = immediate energy carbohydrates = stored energy ATP AP Biology + Mitochondria & Chloroplasts Important to see the similarities transform energy generate ATP double membranes = 2 membranes Internal and external membrane AP Biology Lynn Margulis U of M, Amherst Membrane-bound Enzymes semi-autonomous organelles move, change shape, divide internal ribosomes, DNA & enzymes glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy dioxide AP Biology C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Membrane-bound Enzymes carbon + water + energy glucose + oxygen dioxide light C H O + 6O 6CO + 6H O + 6 12 6 2 2 2 AP Biology energy Mitochondria are everywhere!! animal cells plant cells AP Biology Compare and contrast the functions of the mitochondria and the chloroplast in box #7 AP Biology Cells gotta live! What jobs do cells have to do? building proteins proteins control every cell function make energy for daily life for growth build more cells growth reproduction repair AP Biology Cytoskeleton Function structural support maintains shape of cell provides anchorage for organelles protein fibers microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules motility cell locomotion cilia, flagella, etc. regulation organizes structures & activities of cell AP Biology Cytoskeleton actin microtubule nuclei AP Biology Describe how the cytoskeleton helps the cell in box #8 AP Biology Centrioles Cell division in animal cells, pair of centrioles organize microtubules guide chromosomes in mitosis AP Biology One of these is not like the others… explain your answer in box #9 Cytoskeleton 1. Support Motility 2. Reproduction 3. AP Biology Watch the following videos about the cell AP Biology