Download Unit 3: Cells

Unit 3: Cells
The smallest functional unit of life.
A. Cell Theory
- Discovery of the __________ allows scientists to first view
cells. Before the discovery of cells people believe
diseases caused by curses and ______________.
- So, how big are cells that people
could not see them?
_______ μm (large plant cells)
_______ μm (small bacteria)
Cell Size and Scale
1. Time Line of the Cell Theory
a. _______________
English scientist in 1665
looked at cork under the microscope
what he saw he called __________
he really saw the walls of dead cells.
b. _________________________
Dutch Scientist in 1674
discovered one cell organisms in pond
water
also looked at __________, sperm, and
other human cells but did nothing with it
through high power simple microscopes.
c. _________________
English scientist in 1833
discovers and names the
____________
d. ______________
German scientist in 1838
“all _______ tissues were
composed of cells.”
e. ___________________
German scientist in 1839
“all __________ cells were
composed of cells.”
Schleiden and Schwann
are credited with publishing
the ______________
f. ___________________
French scientist 1824 – 1830
“the cell is the _______________ of
organization”
discovers the process of osmosis
g. __________________
German scientist in 1858
“cells come from __________ cells”
2. The Cell Theory
a. _______________________________________________.
Organisms can be either Multicellular, Colonial, or
Unicellular
b. _______________________________________________
__________________________________.
________________ happens within a cell
all cells carry on similar chemical activities
c. _____________________________________________.
Belief that life started as _________ cells
Cells evolved over millions of years to become all the
different forms of life.
d. Modern Amendments to the Cell Theory
1. energy flow / ______________ occurs in all cells
2. cells contain __________________ that is passed to new
cells during cell division
e. Exceptions to the cell theory
1. ________________
Some scientists consider them living but they are not made
of cells
2. Where did the ____________ come from?
Theory of Spontaneous Generation
Spontaneous Generation
Ancient Theory that organisms arose from decaying organic
matter
- aphids arise from the dew which falls on plants
- fleas from putrid matter
- mice from dirty hay
- crocodiles from rotting logs at the bottom of bodies of
water
Series of experiment to disprove spontaneous generation
Francesco Redi 1668
Miller - Urey Experiments –
1953 – Prove Spontaneous
Generation
Simulated early Earth to find
that complex organic
compounds could be
spontaneously formed from
simple inorganic compounds
Louis Pasteur 1861 - Pasteurization
B. Types of Cells
1. _____________________________
cells that _____ internal structures surrounded by _______
no membrane bound organelles
no true _________, but they do have ________
smaller in size, less complex  ex: ____________
2. _____________________________
cells containing internal structures (organelles) surrounded
by _________________
have _______________________________
these are the cells you are familiar with because you are
eukaryotic.
have nucleus; specialized chemical reactions
C. Cell Organelles
Organelles = “small tools”
They are the little organs inside the cell that perform the
different life functions
1.________ = nuclei (plural)
round membrane bound structure
__________ for metabolism and
reproduction
if removed cell dies
a. ______________ = nuclear membrane
surrounds the nucleoplasm
double membrane – 2 layers
inner and outer membranes combine and make nuclear
pores
b. ________________
holes in the nucleus that _____________ of substances in
and out of the nucleus
allows the nucleoplasm to remain different from the rest of
the cell
c. ____________________
dense granular structures made of DNA, RNA, and proteins
sites of production of ______________
d. ________________
____________ bound to various proteins
long thin threads = _____________ = hereditary material of
the cells.
2. _________________
______________ material in the cell
substances ______________ in the cytoplasm
many ________________ of cell metabolism take place in
the cytoplasm
contains and hold a variety of organelles.
____________ = movement of cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
3. ______________________
system of _________________ enclosed by membranes
usually form a continuous network with nucleus
serve as __________________________ of materials
provides a __________________ where many chemical
reactions can occur
divides the cell into compartments so many types of
reactions can go on at the same time
membrane is similar to cell membrane
_________ or ______ appearance; ribosomes make it rough
4. __________________
small particles
sites of _________________
lots of them in cells
5. ___________________
stacks of _____________ sacs
______________________ and storage centers
Animal cells tend to have one golgi near the nucleus
Plants usually have more than one
Usually located near the ER (made from same membrane)
_______________ materials outside of the cell
vesicles (small bubbles) bind to the cell membrane.
6. __________________
round, oval shaped organelles
________________ in food molecules
site for __________ cellular respiration
surrounded by a double membrane
inner membrane is highly folded, why?
Make ________________
300 – 800 a cell
contain their own DNA and can replicate themselves.
a. Cellular Respiration:
• ADP  _________ Makes a High Energy Bond
____________________ (fermentation) – done without
the mitochondria and without oxygen.
1. _______________________
Glucose + 2 ATP  CO2 + Alcohol + 4 ATP
2. _______________________
Glucose + 2 ATP  Lactic Acid + 4 ATP
____________________
____________________________________________
2 Steps:
1. ________ = one glucose is broken in half, occurs in
cytoplasm, similar to fermentation.
2. __________________________________ = break
down the left overs of the glucose molecule, occurs in
the mitochondria, makes lots of __________
7. ___________________
contain __________ (pigment = catches light)
site for ________________
grana = membrane stacks
stroma = fluid in the membrane.
a. ____________________:
Conversion of ________ into a useable form for the cell.
_______________________________
2 Steps:
1. _____________________:
Catches light and produces O2
2. _________________________:
Takes in CO2 and makes sugar
b. What color light works best for
photosynthesis? Worst?
8. ___________________
protein tube pairs that are at 90 degrees to each other
only in ________________
involved in ____________
9. _______________________
hair like organelles
used for ___________ the cell or cleaning the area around it
extend from the surface of cells
flagella are larger
cilia are usually smaller and more plentiful
arise from basal bodies = centrioles
10. ___________________
fluid filled membranous ______________
plants have vacuoles filled with cell sap, have large single
vacuoles; food vacuoles
_____________ vacuoles = pumps water out of the cell.
11. _____________________
sac-like structures
contain strong ________________ = hydrolytic enzymes
White blood cells, immune system, have lysosomes that
break down bacteria
involved when the tadpole loses its tail.
12. ___________________
most bacteria and ______________ have cell walls
located ____________ the membrane
gives shape, provides ___________ and _________
in plants composed of _____________
has many small openings that allow materials to pass in and
out
Not in ___________ Cells.
13. _________________
plasma membrane
__________ cells from its surroundings - like the skin
makes it possible for the ______________ to be
_______________ than the outside
Maintains homeostasis
a. Structure
two layered structure composed
of _______, _________, and
carbohydrates
___________________
“__________________”
proteins move around within
the lipids
receptors & transport proteins
b. maintain homeostasis
internal environment remains relatively constant at all times
i. pH keep around 7; concentrations of glucose, O2, CO2.
ii. controls the transport of materials in and out of the cells
iii. _________________________
certain types of substances pass through the membrane
easier than others, selective. Lipid molecules and
molecules that dissolve in lipids, alcohols, chloroform, pass
through easily.
_______________, water, glucose, amino acids, CO2, O2,
pass through fairly __________.
_____________, starch and proteins, cannot pass through
the membrane.
Electrically neutral molecules pass more easily than
charge particles.
Permeability changes at different times and in different
cells.
c. ________________
movement of molecules from areas of ________________ to
__________________________.
Molecules move until they reach equilibrium
i. Diffusion occurs because molecules are always in constant
motion.
ii. Concentration Gradient
the difference between high and low concentration
the greater the difference the faster diffusion happens
iii. Move towards ________________ = same all around
iv. Helps with getting materials in and out of the cell
O2 and CO2 move into and out of cells by diffusion
v. Diffusion ________________ the expenditure of _________
Diffusion Animation
d. _____________________
occurs because of _______________________
help certain materials go across the membrane
works in the direction of the concentration gradient
ex: glucose from the blood into the cell.
Facilitated diffusion animation
e. __________________
diffusion of ____ across a selectively permeable
membrane from a region of high water
concentration to a region of low water
concentration
concentration of water = amount of water for a
given volume - depends on concentration of
substances in the water
more things dissolved in the water the less water
there is.
i. Effects of Osmosis
• _____________ solution
_________ concentration of dissolved
substances as the cell
no gain or loss of water.
• _____________ solution
_______ concentration of substances
than the cell
causes water to flow into the cell
can even cause it to burst
• ______________ solution
_______ concentration of substances
than the cell
cause water to leave the cell
the cell shrivels up
plasmolysis = shrinking of the cell.
Osmosis animation
Active transport animation
f. Active Transport
Phagocytosis animation
i. Passive Transport
diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion are all
examples of passive transport
movement of materials across the cell membrane without
the expenditure of energy.
ii. ____________________
movement of materials across the cell membrane with
the ______________________ (ATP)
make it possible to go against the concentration gradient
________ concentration  _______ concentration
endocytosis = transport of materials into the cell by a
vacuole.
pinocytosis = small amounts of liquid taken in
_______________ = small particles taken in
exocytosis = movement of materials out of the cell by
use of a vacuole.