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Transcript
Tour of the Cell Part 2 AP Biology 2007-2008 From food to making Energy Cells must convert incoming energy to forms that they can use for work mitochondria: ATP from glucose to ATP chloroplasts: from sunlight to ATP & carbohydrates ATP = immediate energy carbohydrates = stored energy ATP AP Biology + Mitochondria & Chloroplasts Important to see the similarities transform energy generate ATP double membranes = 2 membranes semi-autonomous organelles move, change shape, divide AP Biology internal ribosomes, DNA & enzymes Lynn Margulis U of M, Amherst Membrane-bound Enzymes glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy dioxide AP Biology C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Membrane-bound Enzymes carbon + water + energy glucose + oxygen dioxide light C H O + 6O 6CO + 6H O + 6 12 6 2 2 2 AP Biology energy Mitochondria are everywhere!! animal cells plant cells AP Biology Cells gotta live! What jobs do cells have to do? building proteins proteins control every cell function make energy for daily life for growth build more cells growth reproduction repair AP Biology Cytoskeleton Function structural support maintains shape of cell provides anchorage for organelles protein fibers microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules motility cell locomotion cilia, flagella, etc. regulation organizes structures & activities of cell AP Biology Cytoskeleton actin microtubule nuclei AP Biology Centrioles Cell division in animal cells, pair of centrioles organize microtubules guide chromosomes in mitosis AP Biology Cell Size AP Biology 2007-2008 Limits to cell size Lower limit smallest bacteria mycoplasmas 0.1 to 1.0 micron (µm = micrometer) most bacteria 1-10 microns Upper limit eukaryotic cells 10-100 microns micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter Biology APdiameter of human hair = ~20 microns What limits cell size? Surface to volume ratio as cell gets bigger its volume increases faster than its surface area smaller objects have greater ratio of surface area to volume Why is a huge single-celled creature not possible? AP Biology s:v 6:1 ~1:1 6:1 Limits to cell size Metabolic requirements set upper limit in large cell, cannot move material in & out of cell fast enough to support life aa aa What process is this? CH NH3 aa CHO O2 CH aa CO2 CO2 CHO CH AP Biology aa aa O2 CO2 CHO O2 NH3 CHO O2 NH3 O2 NH3 CO2 CH aa What’s the solution? How to get bigger? Become multicellular (cell divides) But what challenges do you have to solve now? CO2 CO2 aa aa CO2 CHO NH3 CH AP Biology CO2 O2 NH3 aa aa CO2 NH3 CO2 CO2 NH3 NH3 CO2 CH NH3 NH3 CO2 CHO O2 NH3 CO2 O2 CH aa O2 NH3 CHO CO2 aa Cell membrane Exchange structure plasma membrane functions as selective barrier allows passage of O2 & nutrients IN allows passage of products & wastes OUT Phospholipid AP Biology Membrane proteins Cholesterol Any Questions?? AP Biology 2007-2008