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Transcript
Happy Monday!! • Today we’re going to start talking about cells – YEAH! It’s going to be a real CELL-abration!! • You will need paper for notes and your Unit 2 Learning Targets CELL THEORY 1. All living things are ________________________. MADE OF CELLS 2. Cells are the basic unit of STRUCTURE FUNCTION ____________ & _____________ in an organism. life (cell = basic unit of _____________) 3. Cells come from the reproduction of ____________ cells existing Cell image: http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer1a.htm How are these cells the same? How are they different? 10/5 warmup • Make a venn diagram to compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Levels of organization of cells • Cell – Smallest level – Can be very specialized, i.e.. Nerve cells, bone cells • Tissues – A group of similar cells that perform a particular function – i.e. muscle tissue, cartilage Levels of organization of cells cont.. • Organs – A group of tissues working together to perform a task – I.e. a bicep muscle, your stomach • Organ System – Most organs need to work together to complete a specialized task – Is. Circulatory system, nervous system • Golgi apparatus: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnK7RT 1q0bA&feature=related • Plasma membrane: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1KXib LIOGY&feature=related Chapter 7-2 Cell Structure and Function Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Cell Membrane Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved CELL MEMBRANE (also called plasma membrane) • Barrier that surrounds the outside of the cell Outside of cell Proteins Carbohydrate chains Cell membrane Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Protein channel Lipid bilayer Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved WHAT DOES IT DO? Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm Acts as a boundary Controls what enters and leaves cell CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane) Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html Organelles suspended in gel-like goo ORGANELLEsmall structure with a specific function (job) Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm NUCLEUS Largest organelle in animal cells (remember which type of cells have a nucleus and which do not?) Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm NUCLEUS Surrounded by NUCLEAR ENVELOPE (also called NUCLEAR MEMBRANE) DOUBLE MEMBRANE Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_11.GIF NUCLEUS NUCLEAR PORES Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleus Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html WHAT DOES IT DO? Contains genetic material (DNA) DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells DNA is spread out as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells WHAT DOES IT DO? Control center of cell Image from: Genetic code tells the cell’s parts what to do Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm NUCLEOLUS Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg Dark spot in nucleus = NUCLEOLUS __________ Makes RNA for ribosomes CYTOSKELETON Image from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm • Helps cell maintain shape • Help move organelles around Made of PROTEINS: MICROFILAMENTS (Actin) & MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved CENTRIOLES Appear during cell division to guide chromosomes apart MITOCHONDRION (plural=MITOCHONDRIA) Look like “little sausages” Image from: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin150/Images/mitochondria.jpg MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA Folded inner membrane increases surface area for more chemical reactions Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe MITOCHONDRIA….. Come from cytoplasm in the EGG cell. Which means…… You inherit your mitochondria from your mother! http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/p14%5b1%5d.jpg WHAT DOES Mitochondria DO? Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2 “Powerplant of cell” Burns glucose to release energy. The cell uses this energy for growth,development, movement. Stores energy as ATP Image by: Riedell RIBOSOMES • Made of PROTEINS and RNA • Protein factory for cell Join amino acids to make proteins Image by: RIedell Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg RIBOSOMES Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Network of hollow membrane tubules 2 KINDS: SMOOTH or ROUGH Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER) Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/er.html Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) • Has RIBOSOMES attached • Proteins are made on ribosomes and inserted into Rough ER to be modified and transported Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/ER.jpg SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG • Has NO ribosomes attached • Has enzymes for special tasks SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Image from:http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20eight/smooth%20er.gif •Makes membrane lipids (steroids) •Regulates calcium (muscle cells) •Destroys toxic substances (Liver) GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu • Pancake like membrane stacks Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h LYSOSOMES Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINS called digestive enzymes Digest food, unwanted molecules, old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc LYSOSOMES See lysosomes in action: Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html LYSOSOMES See LYSOSOME MOVIE Image from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html FLAGELLA & CILIA Aid in cell movement Made of PROTEINS called MICROTUBULES (9 + 2 arrangement) Image from: http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS? • • • • Cell wall HUGE vacuoles Chloroplasts No centrioles Plant vs Animal cells CELL WALL http://www.windows.ucar.edu/kids_space/images/brick_wall.jpg Supports and protects cell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm Outside of cell membrane Made of carbohydrates & proteins CELLULOSE Plant cell walls are mainly _____________ VACUOLES Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif Storage space http://library.thinkquest.org/3564/Cells/cell93.gif VACUOLES Image from: http://www.metoliusfriends.org/csca/images/tupperware.jpg • Storage space for WATER, salts, proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, and waste Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLS NO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA Contractile vacuoles control excess water in cells (HOMEOSTASIS) http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif 1 CHLOROPLASTS http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif • Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose) http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpg CHLOROPLASTS http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/04/HTML/source/04-17-chloroplast-nl.htm • Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane •Thylakoid membrane sacs contain enzymes for photosynthesis • Contains own DNA Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Section 7-2 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Vacuole Ribosome (free) Chloroplast Ribosome (attached) Cell Membrane Nuclear envelope Cell wall Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum Plant Cell Go to Section: DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL BACTERIA Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Cell membrane Cell membrane Cell membrane Nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane NO cell wall Cell wall made of CELLULOSE Cell wall made of PEPTIDOGLYCAN Has ribosomes Has ribosomes Has ribosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA is a single circular ring CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON Small vacuoles Really big vacuole NO vacuoles Has lysosomes Has lysosomes NO lysosomes Has centrioles NO centrioles NO centrioles NO chloroplasts Chloroplasts NO chloroplasts SMALLER SMALL SMALLEST NO nuclear membrane