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Cells & Cell Organelles Doing Life’s Work AP Biology 2009-2010 Vocabulary I can….. 1/27 – organelle 1/27 – Describe 2 functions of my cells. 1/28 – cell wall 1/29 – lysosomes 1/28 – Name 3 different animal 1/30 – rough ER cells. 1/29 – Name 3 ways cells 2/2 – golgi appartus move. 1/30 – Trace the path of protein synthesis. 2/2 – Contrast plant and animal cells Regents Biology Types of cells bacteria cells Prokaryote - no organelles Eukaryotes - organelles animal cells Regents Biology plant cells Why study cells? Levels of life!!! Cells Tissues Organs Bodies bodies are made up of cells cells do all the work of life! Regents Biology How do animal or unicellular cells move? Some can crawl with pseudopods Some can swim with a flagellum Some can swim very fast with cilia- in humans cilia line most of our airways!!!! Regents Biology Flagellum/flagella large whiplike tail pushes or pulls cell through water can be single, or a pair Regents Biology Cilia fine, hairlike extensions attached to cell membrane beat in unison Regents Biology Pseudopods means “fake feet” extensions of cell membrane example: ameoba Regents Biology Eukaryote cells can be multicellular The whole cell can be specialized for one job cells can work together as tissues Tissues can work together as organs Regents Biology Regents Biology Regents Biology Regents Biology Examples of specialized euk. cells liver cell: specialized to detoxify blood and store glucose as glycogen. Regents Biology Regents Biology Regents Biology sperm cell: specialized to deliver DNA to egg cell Regents Biology Do plants have tissue and organs? Show potato an onion fields!!! Regents Biology Regents Biology Regents Biology Regents Biology Regents Biology Regents Biology Mesophyll cell specializ ed to capture as much light as possible inside a leaf Regents Biology Regents Biology Regents Biology Regents Biology Regents Biology All cells are shaped according to their functions!!!!! Regents Biology The Jobs of Cells Cells have 3 main jobs make energy need energy for all activities ATP need to clean up waste produced while making energy Our organelles do all these jobs! make proteins proteins do all the work in a cell, so we need lots of them make more cells for growth to replace damaged or diseased cells Regents Biology Organelles - small organelles Organelles - perform cellular functions each structure has a job to do They’re like mini-organs! Regents Biology Model Animal Cell CONTROL CENTER Regents Biology Nucleus - discovered Robert Brown 1831 Function – surrounded by membrane protects DNA Structures nuclear membrane nucleolus ribosome factory chromosomes DNA Regents Biology Chromosomes or chromatin DNA and proteins located within the nucleus. Chromatin when cell is growing Chromosomes condensed chromatin when dividing Regents Biology Nuclear Membrane Control the movement of material in and out of nucleus. Surrounds chromosomes Double phosolipid layer DNA Regents Biology Nucleolus Site of ribosomes synthesis- where protein synthesis starts. Regents Biology CLEAN, STORES, AND SUPPORT Regents Biology Vacoules Plants• Central, large storage area to help plant remain rigid. Wilt without it!!!!! • Storage of chemicals and wastes. • Flowers - contain pigments attract insects. • Poisons to protect plant Regents Biology Vacuole Function: huge water-filled sac keeps cell pressurized and stores starch. Plant would wilt without it Regents Biology Vacoules – animals and protists Paramecium - lives fresh water and constantly pumps out water. Contractile vacuole – to pump out fresh water. Varies from cell to cell - stores waste, poison, and water. Regents Biology Vesicles Function moving material around cell storage small food particle Structure membrane sac vacuole filled w/ digestive enzymes vesicle vesicle filled w/ Regents Biology digested nutrients Cytoskeleton Acts as skeleton and muscle Provides shape and structure Helps move organelles around the cell Made of three types of filaments Regents Biology Microtubules Straight hollow tubes Support and give shape to the cell. Grow from centriole in animal cells during mitosis Regents Biology Microtubules Function: cell division and gives cell shape. Bigger than microfilaments. Shaped like tubes!! Regents Biology Intermediate fibers Reinforce the shape of the cell Anchor organelles Regents Biology Microfilaments Cell movements Support cell shape inside cell membrane Regents Biology Microfilaments Function: threadlike structures that gives a cell its shape Regents Biology Centrioles Function help coordinate cell division only in animal cells Structure one pair in each cell Regents Biology Function Lysosomes digest food Lipids, carbs, and proteins clean up & recycle digest broken organelles lysosomes small food particle vacuole digesting food Regents Biology Structure membrane sac of digestive enzymes digesting broken organelles Cytoplasm Everything inside the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus; consists of semi - fluid and organelles. Regents Biology PROTEINS Regents Biology Proteins Making proteins to run daily life & growth, the cell must… build proteins structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws) enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) signals (hormones) & receptors organelles that do this work… nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus Regents Biology Ribosomes Function protein factories read instructions to build proteins from DNA Structure some free in cytoplasm some attached to ER Ribosomes on ER Regents Biology Endoplasmic Reticulum Function works on proteins helps complete the proteins after ribosome builds them makes membranes Structure rough ER ribosomes attached works on proteins smooth ER - synthesis lipids and steroids makes Regents Biology membranes, store Ca+ Golgi Apparatus Function finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins like UPS headquarters shipping & receiving department ships proteins in vesicles “UPS trucks” Structure vesicles carrying proteins membrane sacs Regents Biology transport vesicles endoplasmic reticulum nucleus protein on its way! DNA RNA vesicle TO: TO: TO: vesicle ribosomes TO: finished protein protein Golgi apparatus Making Proteins Regents Biology CAPTURE AND RELEASE ENERGY Regents Biology Mitochondria Function make energy make ATP energy from cellular respiration Structure double membrane ATP in both animal & plant cells Regents Biology Plants make energy two ways! Mitochondria ATP make energy from sugar + O2 cellular respiration Chloroplasts make energy + sugar from sunlight photosynthesis sunlight + CO2 ATP & sugar ATP = active energy sugar = stored energy Regents Biology build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars sugar ATP Chloroplasts Function: filled with chlorophyll turns solar energy into glucose. Plants and Protists Regents Biology Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells mitochondria Regents Biology chloroplast CELL BOUNDARY Regents Biology Cell membrane phosphate “head” Function separates cell from outside controls what enters or leaves cell O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste recognizes signals from other cells allows communication between cells Structure double layer of fat phospholipid bilayer Regents Biology lipid “tail” Structures found in plant cells Cell wall very strong made of cellulose Function: protects cell from rupturing glued to other cells next door Regents Biology cytoplasm jelly-like material around organelles central vacuole storage: food, water or waste cell wall support mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis lysosome digestion & clean up cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage lysosome food digestion garbage disposal & recycling ribosomes builds proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology nucleus protects DNA controls cell ER helps finish proteins makes membranes Golgi apparatus finishes, packages & ships proteins nucleus control cell protects DNA nucleolus make ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum processes proteins makes membranes ribosomes make proteins cytoplasm jelly-like material around organelles central vacuole storage: food, water or waste Golgi apparatus finish & ship proteins cell wall support mitochondria make ATP in cellular respiration cell membrane cell boundary controls movement of materials in & out recognizes signals Regents Biology chloroplast make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis lysosome digestion & clean up That’s my cellular story… Any Questions? AP Biology 2009-2010 Food & water storage food vacuole plant cells central vacuole animal cells Regents Biology contractile vacuole How are plant and animal cells different? Regents Biology Plants vs. Animal Cells Plant Cell Cell wall Vacuole Chloroplast Shape No centrioles Regents Biology Animal Cell No cell wall no vacuole no chloroplast Different shape centrioles Structure Animal cells Plant cells cell membrane Yes yes nucleus Yes yes nucleolus yes yes ribosomes yes yes ER yes yes Golgi yes yes centrioles yes no cell wall no yes mitochondria yes yes cholorplasts no yes One big vacuole no yes cytoskeleton yes Yes Regents Biology