Download Eukaryotic Cell Structures

Eukaryotic Cell
Structures
Chapter 7.3
Cellular Boundaries
• ____________ membrane (aka cell membrane)
is a flexible boundary of a cell
– It is also a selectively permeable membrane
Cellular Boundaries
• Plant Cells, Fungi, Bacteria and
some Protists have an
additionally membrane called a
_________________
– It is a fairly rigid structure located
outside the plasma membrane
– It provides additional support and
protection
The Cell Wall
• Forms an inflexible barrier that
___________ the cell and gives it
__________
• Plant cell wall has carbohydrate
____________ (tough mesh of fibers)
• It does _______ select which molecules
can enter into the cell
The Cell Wall
• Plants can have cell
walls that are multiple
layers
– _____________ cell
wall develops in young
plants
– A ______________
cell wall can develop in
more mature plants
• Wood is an example of
a secondary cell wall
The Nucleus and Cell Control
• __________ controls activity of the organelles
– Has directions (blueprints) to make proteins
The Nucleus and Cell Control
• It is enclosed by a nuclear
_____________, which is has a double
membrane
• DNA is organized along with proteins into
a fibrous material called _____________
– Only when cells are preparing to divide, does
the chromatin coil up and condense to form
_______________
2 Membranes
on the nucleus
2 Membranes
on the nucleus
The Nucleus and Cell Control
• Within nucleus lies
____________
– Nucleolus makes
______________
• Ribosomes are the site
where ___________ are
made (using DNA
instructions)
Ribosomes
• They are composed of ____ subunits.
• Some ribosomes are free & floating in the
_____________(clear, gelatinous fluid
inside cell) while others are attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum.
• They help process instructions (DNA) from
the nucleus and convert it into instructions
for making a protein
The ENDOPLASMIC SYSTEM
•
•
•
•
•
•
The nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
Organelles For Assembly &
Transport Of Proteins
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (_____) = site of cellular
chemical reactions
– Arranged like folded membranes in cytoplasm
Organelles For Assembly &
Transport Of Proteins
• If ribosomes are
attached to the
surface of ER it is
called ________
(Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum)
Organelles For Assembly &
Transport Of Proteins
• ______ = Smooth
Endoplasmic
Reticulum  no
ribosomes attached
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Synthesizes lipids (oils,
phospholipids, &
steroids)
– Testes & ovaries are rich
in SER to make &
secrete hormones
• Detoxify drugs and
poisons in the liver cells
• Help trigger muscle
contractions
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Uses attached ribosomes to
make secretory proteins
– Ex: insulin (proteins that are
released from the cell),
glycoproteins (part of the
plasma membrane)
– To transport proteins to other
organelles
• Makes its own phospholipids
membrane to be transferred
by vesicles to other parts of
the endomembrane system
Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Body
• After proteins are made,
they are transferred to
Golgi Apparatus or
____________
– Golgi = center of
manufacturing,
warehousing, sorting &
shipping
– Products of the ER are
modified, stored, and
shipped to other
destinations
Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Body
– Golgi apparatus =
flattened stack of
membranes (ex: pita
bread)
– Golgi apparatus sorts
proteins into packages
and packs them into
membrane-bound
structures called
_______________ to be
sent to their destination
Organelles For Assembly &
Transport Of Proteins
– Two poles of a Golgi
stack are referred to
as the _____ face and
the _______ face
• Cis is located near the
______ and is the
receiving end
• Trans is the opposite
front that sends
vesicles on their way
Vacuoles and storage
• Vacuoles =
membrane bound
compartments used
for temporary
_________ of
materials
– A vacuole is used to
store food, enzymes,
waste products, and
other materials
Vacuoles and storage
• Examples:
– Food Vacuoles
– Contractile Vacuoles
(pump excess water)
– Central Vacuole (seen
in plants)
Lysosomes and recycling
• Lysosomes = organelles
that contain __________
enzymes
– Digest excess or worn out
organelles, food particles,
and engulfed viruses or
bacteria
– Can fuse with vacuoles
and dispense their
enzymes into the vacuole,
digesting it contents.
Peroxisomes
• Contain enzymes that
transfer hydrogen from
substances to produce
_________________as a
by-product hence the name!
• Use oxygen to break fatty
acids down
• Detoxify alcohol
• H2O2 is toxic to the cell, but
it produces an enzyme that
converts it to water
Chloroplasts and Energy
• Chloroplast belongs to a
group of plant organelles
called ___________
– Plastids are used for
storage (storing starch,
lipids, pigments)
• Ex: Amyloplast store starch
(amylose), Chromoplast
have pigments that give
fruits & flowers their orange
and yellow hues
Chloroplasts and Energy
• Chloroplast have the pigment ___________
(gives it the green color, traps light energy)
Chloroplasts and Energy
• Chloroplast = cell organelles that capture
___________ energy and convert it into
chemical energy for the plant to use
• Has double membrane
• Little stacks of
membranous sacs (ex:
poker chips) called
___________. Each
individual sac is called a
____________
• The fluid outside the
thylakoids is called
____________ (similar to
cytoplasm)
• Found in plants & algae
and used for the site of
photosynthesis
Mitochondria and energy
• Mitochondria = membrane
bound organelles in plant
and animal cells that
transform __________ for
the cell
– Site of “cellular respiration”
 the process that
generates ________from
sugar (with the help of
oxygen)
– Energy is stored in bonds of
ATP which the cell
organelles can access easily
• Found in nearly all
eukaryotic cells
• Some cells have a single
large mitochondrion or they
can have hundreds
• Enclosed by two
membranes (Inner &
Outer)
– Inner membrane is
convoluted with infoldings
called ____________
Cytoskeleton
• Cytoskeleton = forms a framework for cell (like a
____________)
• Network of tiny rods and filaments
Cytoskeleton
• ________________ = thin, hollow cylinders made
of proteins
• _______________ = smaller, solid, protein fibers
• Maintain shape similar to poles keeping tent up
Centrioles
• Found in animal cells
• Occur in pairs
• Made up of
________________
• Play an important
role in cell division
Cilia & Flagella
• Cilia and flagella are
made of _____________
and aid in locomotion and
feeding
• In unicellular organisms,
cilia & flagella are the
main means of
locomotion
Cilia & Flagella
• Cilia = short,
numerous
_______-like
projections
– Occur in large
numbers on the
cell surface
– Move more like
oars in an
alternating
pattern
Cilia & Flagella
• Flagella = longer
projections that move
with a ________-like
motion (usually only 1
or 2 flagella)
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
• Prokaryotic cells (ex: bacteria) lack
membrane-bound organelles
• The DNA is concentrated in a region
called the ___________. No membrane
separates this region from the rest of the
cell.
• A eukaryotic cell has a true __________,
bound by a nuclear envelope.
• The region between the nucleus and the
plasma membrane is called the
__________.
• Eukaryotic cells are generally much
__________ than prokaryotic cells.