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Transcript
I. Macromolecules – giant molecules A. Carbohydrates: 1. Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 2. Ratio: 1C : 2H : 1O 3. Also known as sugars. 4. Main source of energy for living things. 5. Starches – complex molecules used to store extra sugars. 6. Monosaccharide – single sugar. Polysaccharide – many monosaccharides joined together. 1 B. Lipids: 1. Compounds made from Carbon + hydrogen. 2. Used to store energy + provide waterproof coverings. 3. Categories are fats, oils, and waxes. 4. Do not dissolve in water. 5. Figure 2-14 page 46 2 C.Nucleic Acids: 1.Compounds containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. 2.Made from nucleotides: a)5 carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) b)Phosphate group c)Nitrogenous base: 1)Adenine 2)Cytosine 3)Thymine 4)Guanine 3.Transmits genetic information 3 4. Figure 2-15 page 47 4 D. Proteins: 1. Contains nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 2. Made up of a long chain of amino acids. a)Figure 2-16 amino acid 3. Some control cell processes, form muscle and bone, fight disease, and are used for transport. 5 E. Positives tests for macromolecules 1. Carbohydrates – a)Pressure of sugar is known when stained with iodine. b)It stains very dark. 2. Lipids – fats + oils a)Presence of lipid is known by leaving a translucent spot on a brown paper bag. 3. Proteins – a)Presence of a protein is known by using biuret reagent, turning the solution a purple color. 6 II. Cell Components A. History 1. Robert Hooke, 1665 a) Viewed thinly sliced pieces of cork (plant). b) Saw “many little boxes” small rooms cells. 2. Anton von Leeuwenhoek, 1675 a) Viewed living cells 7 B. Cell Theory: 3 parts 1. All living things are made of 1 or more cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of life. 3. Cells come from pre-existing cells. C. Cell Organization: organelles (nonliving) nucleus cells (living) muscle cell tissues (group of same cells) muscles organs (group of tissues) heart 8 organ system (group of different organs) circulatory system organism (different organ systems combined) you D. Cell organelles – a cell component that performs specific functions in the cell. 1. Cell wall – a)Surrounds the cell. b)Gives support and protection; very rigid. c)Made of nonliving cellulose. d)Found in plants, fungi, and most bacteria. 9 2. Cell membrane – a)Outer covering in animal cells. b)Just inside the cell wall in plants. c)Not rigid; can change shape. d)Selectively permeable membrane – allows some substances to pass through and others not. e)Composed of 2 lipid layers. Fig 7 – 15 page 184 10 3. Nucleus – a)Control center of the cell = brain. b)Surrounded by nuclear membrane. 1)Has tiny nuclear pores used for RNA (ribonucleic acid) to leave the nucleus. c)Chromosomes (DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid) is located here. d)Contains nucleolus (used to form ribosomes). e)Prokaryote – cell W/O a membrane bound nucleus. Pro = no f)Eukaryote – cell WITH a membrane bound nucleus. Eu = true 11 4. Ribosomes – a)Found floating in cytoplasm and attached to endoplasmic reticulum. b)Composed of RNA. c)Location of protein synthesis. 5. Endoplasmic reticulum E.R. – a)Tubular passage way connecting all parts of the cell. b)Transportation system for proteins. 6. Golgi Apparatus – a)Closely stacked membranes. b)Receives proteins from E.R. and ships to cell membrane. c)“Post office” of the cell. 12 7. Vacuoles – a)Found in plants. b)Storage tank for food, water, wastes, and other materials. 8. Lysosomes – a)Digestive activities within the cell. b)Can eat viruses, bacteria, dead or injured cells, and old organelles. 9. Plastids – a)Plant organelles used for storage. b)Chloroplast – green, stores chlorophyll. 1)Photosynthesis occurs here. 13 10.Mitochondria – a)Powerhouse of the cell b)Supplies most of the energy for cell use. c)Respiration occurs here. 14 III. Movement of materials in & out of a cell A. Cell membrane 1. Semi-permeable- allows some substances to pass through & others not. 2. Materials enter & leave by: a) Passive transport b) Active transport B. Passive Transport- movement of substances across an area without using energy. 1. Diffusion-movement of molecules of a substance from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration. a) Examples of diffusion-food coloring in water, kool-aid mix, perfume in the air. 15 b)Solute- any substance that is dissolved. c)Solvent- the substance that is doing the solving. Ex: ovaltine + milk= chocolate milk (solute) (solvent) (solution) d)Fig. 7-16 pg. 185 16 2. Osmosis- movement of water, H2O, into and out of the cell from a greater concentration to a place of lesser concentration. a)A.K.A. diffusion of water b)Maintains homeostasis- organisms keep their internal conditions in a biological balance with their environmental. 1)Human cells must maintain the following to live: a) kept at a certain temperature range b) supplied with energy from respiration c) bathed in fluid d) cleansed of the wastes 17 c) 3 effects on cells by osmosis 1)Isotonic- concentration of solute (dissolved substance) molecules inside and outside a cell are equal. a)Ex: 18 2)Hypotonic- concentration of solute molecules is lower outside the cell. a)Ex: 19 3)Hypertonic- concentration of solute molecules is higher outside than inside a cell. a)Ex: 20 d)Fig. 7-18 pg. 187 1)Hypo = O swells up 2)Hyper= e shriveled up 0 21 d)Turgor pressure1)Plant cells have cell walls, which are rigid. 2)Cannot fill endlessly, so pressure builds with more water added. 3)This allows plants to “stand up.” C. Active Transport- movement of any substance across a cell membrane with the use of chemical energy. 1.Sodium-potassium pump- sodium (Na+) is pumped out of the cell and potassium (K+)is pumped in. a)Muscles & nerve cells work this way. 22 2. Endocytosis- large materials are engulfed to enter the cell. a) Ex: Phagocytosis- cytoplasm engulfs large molecules. 3. Endocytosis- passage of large molecules out of a cell. 23