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Transcript
Chapter 7 – Cell Structure and Function Section 7-1: Life is Cellular cell is the common structure The _____ that makes up every living thing ______________ Microscopes were essential to the discovery of the cell, without them were are not able to see cells with the naked eye Around the same time _______ Anton van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) ___________________ water under a observed pond ____________ microscope and observed living microorganisms Robert Hooke (English) In 1665, ________________ examined cork _____ and termed the little chambers he saw as cells Matthias Schleiden (German) In 1838 ____________________ concluded all plants ______ are made of cells In 1839 Theodor ___________________ Schwann (German) stated that all _________ animals are made of cells In 1855 Rudolf _________________(German) Virchow new cells only come concluded that __________ from the division of existing cells All of these observations with the microscope led to the cell theory! It states: 1. All living things are composed of cells 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things 3. New cells are produced from existing cells ______________________________________ Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) allow us to view cell structures The electrons can only pass thin through _____specimens, so have thin (___________) nonliving to be sliced very _____ ________________________________ Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) produce a 3D image of the cell by scanning the surface __________ Electrons scatter in air, so the samples have to be viewed in a vacuum (__________) nonliving _________ Ant Moth Eye Table Salt Mold Burdock Cancer Cell Pollen Grains Cells come in a variety of shapes/sizes ______________ and can be categorized in different ways 5-50 micrometers but some do Typical cells range from ___________________, fall out of that range All cells have 2 characteristics; a cell membrane and barrier called a ________________, at some point they contain DNA Cells fall into 2 broad categories based on whether they have a _________ nucleus or not; Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes _________= a large membraneNucleus enclosed structure that contains material in the a cell’s genetic _________________ form of DNA Eukaryotes ____________ have a nucleus (their DNA is separated ___________) larger and more __________ complex than prokaryotic cells Usually _______ internal structures and membranes Generally contain many ____________________ structures act like specialized organs Many of the internal ___________________ _______ they are known as organelles Some live as single-celled organisms, many form large multicellular organisms (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) Prokaryotes _____________ do not have a nucleus (their DNA is not ______________) contained Usually _________ smaller and less complex _________ than eukaryotic cells Some may contain a few internal membranes but _____________________, they aren’t usually complex _________are Bacteria considered to be prokaryotes Section 7-3: Cell Boundaries Cell boundaries are important and include cell membranes & cell walls membrane regulates what The cell ________________ enters and leaves the cell The membrane is made up of a double layered sheet = lipid bilayer flexible structure yet is a The membrane gives the cell a ___________________, barrier to the outside world strong ________ cell wall is to provide The main function of the __________ _________________________ support and protection for the cell (a tough outer coating) The wall lies outside ________ the membrane replace (that means the wall doesn’t _______________ the membrane, it is in addition too) One of the most important functions of the cell the movement of membrane is to regulate ________________________ dissolved molecules from side to side _____________________ Concentration plays a big role in which way ________________ molecules through the membrane Concentration of a solution = ______ mass volume of of the solute in a given _________ mass/volume solution (_______________) high Particles tend to move from ______concentration _____concentration low This is known as diffusion and does not require energy Equilibrium _____________ = when concentration of the solute is the _________ same throughout the system Not every substance can diffuse across the cell membrane If the substance can diffuse, the permeable to it membrane is ____________ If the substance cannot diffuse, the impermeable to it membrane is ______________ Most membranes are selectively permeable they _______________________ only let certain things through __________= diffusion of water Osmosis through a selectively permeable membrane Water moves from high _____ concentration low ____ concentration When the two solutions on either side of the membrane are the same, they are __________ isotonic (_______________) same strength The same concentrations on each side! A ______ more concentrated solution is hypertonic ____________ above strength (_______________) Higher concentration outside the cell! A _____ less concentrated hypotonic solution is _____________ below strength (_________________) Lower concentration outside the cell! Osmosis can create __________ pressure on cells solution If a cell is in a hypertonic _____________________, water leaves _______ the cell to try to even out the concentrations this causes the cell to shrink If a cell is in a ____________________, hypotonic solution enters the cell to try to water ________ even out the concentrations this causes the cell to swell up Cell walls help prevent the cell ___________ in a hypotonic solution from swelling and bursting, even with high osmotic pressure Some larger molecules seem to pass through the membrane easily because of protein channels _____________________ Facilitated diffusion = when protein channels help molecules diffuse across the membrane Sometimes cells need to use _________________ active transport to move cells against the concentration difference across the membrane ________ Active transport requires ________________ energy and is usually carried out by transport proteins or “pumps” Larger molecules may be transported by movements of the cell membrane _____________ = the process of taking Endocytosis into the cell material ______ Phagocytosis eating ______________ = “cell _______” Pinocytosis drinking _____________ = “cell __________” Exocytosis ____________ = the process of releasing __________ large amounts of material from the cell Cells are _____________ specialized to perform certain tasks and the way cells associate with other cells Red blood cells, platelets, T lymphocytes Sometimes a single cell is the organism = _______________________ unicellular organism Unicellular organism do everything grow respond, a living thing does; _______, transform energy reproduce __________________, There are lots of these unicellular organisms on Earth Multicellular organism = an organism made of many cells ________________________ There is a great diversity of multicellular organisms ___________________ Cell specialization = when cells through the organism develop in different ways to perform different tasks Animal ________ cells are specialized in many ways Red blood cells are specialized oxygen they to transport _________ protein that binds to the have a ________ _________ oxygen to move it The pancreas produces enzymes needed for digestion Since enzymes are proteins, pancreatic cells are packed with ribosomes ______________ Muscle cells are specialized to help organisms move they have very overdeveloped _______________ cytoskeletons to help us move Plant cells are also specialized ______ There are levels of organization to make it easier to describe cells ________, tissues ________, organs cells in a multicellular organism; _____, organ systems and _______________ Cells are the first level of organization ________ Tissue = a group of similar cells that perform a particular function Most animals have 4 main types muscle ___________, epithelial of tissues; _________, nervous and ____________ connective _________, Organs ________ = many groups of tissues that work together to help perform tasks Ex. Each muscle in our body is an organ it has more than just muscle tissue, it also has connective and nervous tissues The tissues within an organ all perform essential tasks Organ system = a group of organs that work together to _______________ perform a specific function Ex. Digestive system or respiratory system This organization is very important as it divides up labor ______ between cells and makes multicellular life possible